CJ    \ 

z  /*-  / 

\ 

:s4  ' 

! 

C-NRLF 

| 

i 

?B    M7D 

MEb 

LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

RECEIVED    BY   EXCHANGE 

Class 


MUSEUM-OF 
FINE -ARTS 
BOSTON  «*•* 

tUIDE  TO  THE  CATHARINE 
'AGE  PERKINS  COLLECTION 
)F  GREEK  AND   ROMAN  COINS 


MUSEUM  OF 
FINE  ARTS 
BOSTON** 

GUIDE  TO  THE  CATHARINE 
PAGE  PERKINS  COLLECTION 
OF  GREEK  AND  ROMAN  COINS 


BOSTON    AND    NEW    YORK 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 

Ci)c  tfilicrsiDc  press,  CambnDQC 

Ml II 


Copyright,  1902 
By  the  Trustees  of  the  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  Boston 

All  rights  reserved 


*    •  •  •• 
*•    »  •  ' • 

•  •••••  • 


The  Riverside  Press,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  U.  S.  A. 
Printed  by  H.  0.  Houghton  &  Company 


PREFACE. 


The  Catharine  Page  Perkins  collection  of  Greek  and 
Roman  coins  represents  a  portion  of  the  purchases  which 
have  been  made  for  the  Classical  Department  of  the 
Museum  with  the  munificent  bequest  of  the  lady  in  whose 
memory  it  is  named.  It  consists  of  609  specimens,  which 
were  acquired  in  three  lots,  in  1895,  x^97»  an<^  I9°°  respec- 
tively. The  formation  of  each  of  these  lots  was  the  work 
of  several  years  on  the  part  of  a  devoted  friend  of  the 
Museum,  who  has  had  unusual  opportunities  for  securing 
choice  examples,  and  who  has  constantly  kept  before  him- 
self the  highest  standard  of  excellence  as  the  test  for  the 
acceptance  of  each  coin  that  was  to  come  into  our  collec- 
tion. As  a  result  the  collection,  though  small,  is  of  re- 
markably high  quality,  for  both  the  beauty  and  the  brilliant 
preservation  of  its  individual  specimens,  some  of  which  are 
exceedingly  rare,  and  a  few  are  probably  unique.  As  evi- 
dence of  the  estimation  in  which  certain  of  them  are  held 
by  connoisseurs,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  state  that  one  coin 
now  in  this  collection  was  sold  at  a  London  auction  a  few 
years  ago  for  over  $1500,  and  another,  at  a  different  sale, 
brought  over  $900.  Figures  like  these  show  that  the  form- 
ation of  a  collection  of  first-rate  Greek  coins  is  no  longer 
a  simple  or  inexpensive  matter ;  yet  it  is  to  be  hoped  that 
in  time  our  Museum  may  possess  specimens  of  all  the 
more  beautiful  Greek  types,  as  they  form  one  of  the  most 


236831 


IV  PREFACE. 


exquisite  and  instructive  branches  of  Greek  art,  —  an  in- 
spiration alike  to  the  artist,  the  designer,  and  the  student. 

In  view  of  the  importance  of  the  study  of  numismatics, 
and  the  limited  opportunities  for  a  knowledge  of  it  which 
are  offered  to  the  majority  of  those  whom  the  Museum  is 
intended  to  benefit,  the  Trustees  have  desired  to  issue  a 
popular  handbook  as  a  companion  to  the  Perkins  collec- 
tion ;  and  this  Guide  has  therefore  been  prepared  by  an 
expert  on  the  subject,  whose  name  is  withheld  at  his  re- 
quest. The  author  wishes  me  to  say  that  his  statements 
"  make  no  claim  to  originality ;  where  they  are  accurate, 
they  are  derived  from  many  writers,  whose  opinions  will 
be  easily  recognized  by  those  who  are  acquainted  with 
works  on  numismatics,  though  for  the  sake  of  simplicity 
specific  references  to  authorities  are  omitted  in  the  text." 

In  spite  of  this  disclaimer,  however,  I  think  that  both 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  study,  and  those  who 
approach  it  with  the  desire  for  information,  will  agree  as 
to  the  skilful  manner  in  which  a  difficult  task  has  been 
accomplished,  and  will  appreciate  this  addition  to  the  edu- 
cational work  done  by  the  Museum.  For  fuller  information 
students  may  be  referred  to  Barclay  V.  Head's  Historia 
Numorum,  Percy  Gardner's  Types  of  Greek  Coins,  and  G. 
F.  Hill's  Handbook  of  Greek  and  Roman  Coins,  Appendix 
V  of  which  contains  an  exhaustive  bibliography. 

For  the  benefit  of  specialists,  the  summarized  descrip- 
tion of  the  collection  which  appeared  in  the  twenty-sixth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  is  reprinted  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  book.  The  plates  at  the  end  were  made  from 
photographs  taken  directly  from  the  coins  themselves,  not 
through  the  medium  of  plaster  casts. 

Edward  Robinson, 

Director  of  the  Museum. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION i 

Modern  authorities I 

Importance  of  the  study  of  coins i 

Origin  of  coinage 2 

The  earliest  coins 4 

Decoration  of  coins 5 

Artistic  problem  of  Greek  coins 5 

Names  and  values  of  Greek  coins 7 

ITALY  AND  SICILY 10 

Italy 12 

Tarentum 12 

Herakleia 12 

Sybaris 13 

Thurii 13 

Croton 13 

Pandosia 14 

Rhegium 15 

Terina 15 

Sicily rf 

Agrigentum 16 

Himera 16 

Leontini 16 

Zankle 17 

Messana 17 

Naxos 17 

Selinus 18 

Syracuse 18 

GREECE 23 

Macedon  and  Thrace 23 

Neapolis 23 

Akanthos 24 

Chalkidike" 24 

Amphipolis 25 

Philip  of  Macedon 25 

Alexander  the  Great 26 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Demetrios  Poliorketes 27 

Antigonos  Gonatas 28 

Philip  V 28 

Perseus .        .        .28 

Aenos 29 

Thasos 29 

Lysimachos .        .        .  30 

Mainland  of  Greece  .......  31 

Larissa  and  Melitaea 31 

Kierion 31 

Pharsalos 31 

Pherae 32 

Alexander  of  Epeiros 32 

Epeirote  Republic     .        .        . , 33 

Opus  in  Locris 33 

Delphi 34 

Boeotia 34 

Histiaea 35 

Athens 35 

Aegina 39 

Corinth 40 

Arkadia 41 

Greek  Islands 44 

Iulis -44 

ASIA .        .  45 

Asia  Minor 45 

Mithradates  the  Great 46 

Kyzikos     .         .         . 47 

Lampsakos 48 

Lesbos 49 

Klazomenae 50 

Kolophon 51 

Ephesos 51 

Miletos 51 

Dynasts  of  Caria 51 

Kos 52 

Rhodes  .        . 52 

Lyclia 53 

Lykia S3 

Aspendos 54 

Syria 55 

Antiochos  I 55 

Antiochos  III 56 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  vii 

Tigranes 56 

Seleukia 56 

Mithradates  I  of  Parthia 56 

AFRICA 58 

Egypt 58 

Ptolemy  I 58 

Berenike  II 59 

Cleopatra 59 

Carthage 61 

ROMAN   COINS 62 

APPENDICES. 

Bud  Description  of  the  Coins        ....  65 

Key  to  the  Plates 103 

Plates at  end 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  study  of  Greek  numismatics  is  an  important  branch 
of  Greek  archaeology  and  aesthetics.      Notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  coin  collections  have  been  popular    Modern 
since  the  sixteenth  century,  —  Petrarch,  indeed,    Author- 
was  a  collector  in  the  fourteenth  century,  —  the    lties' 
systematic  study  of  Greek  coins  is  the  growth  of  little  more 
than  a  hundred  years.*  We  owe  our  knowledge  largely  to  the 
labors   of   Eckhel  (1792),   Mionnet,  Leake,1  Lenormant, 
Waddington,  Mommsen,  Imhoof-Blumer,  Babelon,  Gard- 
ner, and  Head. 

Greek  coins  are  important  for  the  help  they  afford  in 
tracing  the  political,  municipal,  and  commercial  history  of 
the  ancient  world  ;  they  also  throw  light  on  Greek   Impor. 
society,  religion,2    mythology,  philology,  icono-   tanceof 
graphy,  chronology,  and  geography ;   and   they   the  study 
have  been  termed  "  the  grammar  of  Greek  Art." 
Greek  coins  are  further  original  works  of   art  and   not 
copies,  and  many  of  them  take  rank  among  the  finest  ex- 
amples of  ancient  art.    Their  designs  are  characterized  by 

1  It  is  interesting  that  this  great  English  scholar  and  traveler,  con- 
vinced of  "  the  great  importance  of  a  systematic  collection  of  Greek 
coins  to  the  study  of  every  branch  of  literature  connected  with  the 
Greek  language,"  wished  that  his  collections  should  be  deposited  in  a 
place  "  habitually  frequented  by  persons  likely  to  consult  them."  His 
will  directed  that  his  collection  should  be  offered  at  a  low  valuation 
to.  the  Universities  of  Cambridge  or  Oxford  in  England,  and  in  the 
event  of  refusal  to  the  "  Harvard  University  at  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts." He  died  in  i860.  The  collection  was  accepted  by  Cam- 
bridge, England. 

2  For  instance,  coin  types  often  call  attention  to  the  existence  of 
local  cults,  and  help  to  define  them.  The  same  divinity  was  some- 
times differently  regarded  in  various  places  :  for  instance,  the  Artemis 
worshipped  at  Syracuse  and  the  Artemis  of  Ephesos  embodied  diverse 
ideas,  and  their  dissimilar  forms  on  the  coins  bear  witness  to  the  dis- 
tinction. 


INTRODUCTION. 


largeness  of  conception  and  treatment,  and  grandeur  of 
effect  in  spite  of  the  limited  space  at  the  artist's  command. 
They  exhibit  the  directness  of  subject,  the  simplicity  and 
repose  of  larger  monuments  of  Greek  art ;  and  although 
rarely  the  work  of  important  artists,  generally  in  fact  of 
mediocre  ones,  they  reflect  in  a  vivid  way  the  Greek  ap- 
preciation of  life.  The  richness  of  imagination  of  the 
Greek  artist  is  illustrated  by  them  with  particular  effect. 
He  was  never  at  a  loss  for  a  subject,  but  when  compelled 
by  tradition  to  reproduce  a  well-known  type,  for  instance, 
Persephone  at  Syracuse,  or  Apollo  elsewhere,  he  is  seen 
to  repeat  the  same  figure  or  head  again  and  again,  ever 
with  some  happy  and  telling  variation.  The  number  of 
types  is  legion :  coins  were  regarded  as  the  badge  of  free- 
dom, and  so  general  was  the  sense  of  independence  that 
no  town  was  too  small  to  issue  them. 

The  origin  of  coinage  was  a  late  event  in  the  history  of 
mankind.  The  Egyptian,  Assyrian,  and  Mycenaean  civili- 
Originof  zations  had  conducted  their  commerce  without 
Coinage,  coins,  and  Greek  life  was  already  highly  organized 
before  the  invention  was  made.  Unnumbered  years  of 
experience  lay  behind  the  discovery.  The  earliest  stage 
was  simple  barter :  and  this  gave  place  to  the  employment 
of  objects  of  food,  use,  or  adornment  for  purposes  of  trad- 
ing, for  instance,  stone  implements,  fish,  shells  (cf.  the 
American  wampum),  amber,1  and  the  like ;  and  for  larger 
transactions  cattle  and  slaves.  Gold  and  other  metals, 
when  discovered,  were  employed  at  first  rather  as  objects 
of  personal  ornament,  and  from  their  use  in  this  fashion 
came  to  supersede  the  earlier  non-metallic  currencies  in  the 
exchange  for  commodities.2    For  this  purpose  the  metals 

1  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  objects  of  amber  in  the  Buffum 
Collection,  exhibited  in  Case  E  in  the  Wood  Carving  Room  of  the 
Museum,  especially  the  necklaces  and  the  string  of  roughly  cut  beads, 
are  early  forms  of  money. 

2  A  gold  ring  of  very  early  date  in  the  Museum  collection  is  the 
exact  equivalent  in  weight  of  two  gold  staters.  The  probability  is  that 
long  before  coins  had  been  struck,  the  precious  metals  were  fashioned 
in  this  way  into  simple  jewelry  of  definite  weights,  according  to  the 
current  standards,  to  be  employed  for  personal  adornment  or  for 
money,  as  circumstances  might  require.  The  step  from  this  to  a  per- 
fect coin  was  a  short  one. 


INTRODUCTION. 


had  to  be  weighed  ;  and  systems  of  weights  and  measures 
were  developed  long  before  coinage  was  known.  Indeed, 
the  relation  in  value  of  different  metals  to  one  another  wis 
perfectly  understood ;  and  definite  ratios  had  been  fixed 
long  before  any  coin  was  struck ;  in  fact  the  system  of 
bimetallism  actually  preceded  coinage.  At  the  time  when 
coinage  was  introduced,  the  weight  of  the  standard  piece 
of  metal,  the  stater  (or  shekel1),  in  any  given  city  or  state, 
was  as  clearly  determined  as  is  the  weight  of  the  dollar 
to-day ;  only  instead  of  counting  a  number,  there  being  no 
coins,  it  was  necessary  to  weigh  a  mass  of  metal  to  arrive 
at  the  desired  sum  of  minae  and  talents.2    Coinage  was 

1  The  weight  of  the  gold  stater  was  almost  constant,  while  that  of 
the  silver  varied  much  in  different  states.  Since  the  mina  and  talent 
were  multiples  of  the  stater,  it  will  be  understood  that  the  value  of  a 
talent  of  silver  in  one  town  might  be  very  different  from  that  of  a 
talent  of  silver  in  another. 

8  It  may  be  explained  that  the  talent  was  not  a  coin,  but  a  weight. 
The  scale  was  very  simple,  —  fifty  shekels  or  staters  equalled  one  mina, 
and  sixty  minae  equalled  one  talent.  Thus  a  talent  of  gold  in  Athens 
represented  three  thousand  gold  staters  of  the  same  kind  as  No.  317 ; 
or  a  mina  of  silver  at  Aegina  was  equivalent  to  fifty  Aeginetan  staters 
similar  to  322  (PI.  IV).  An  instance  will  make  the  explanation 
clearer.  Pliny  (N.  H.  xxxv,  92)  relates  that  Apelles  received  twenty 
talents  of  gold  for  his  portrait  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

20  talents  =  20  X  60  minae  =  1 200  minae. 
1200  minae  =  1200  X  50  staters  =  60,000  staters. 

The  picture  therefore  cost  60,000  gold  staters  or  Alexanders,  No.  154. 
This  amount,  it  may  be  added,  making  allowance  for  the  purity  of  the 
Greek  metal  and  the  alloy  of  modern  coins,  is  equivalent  to  $348,000 
of  gold.  Pliny  adds  that  this  vast  sum  was  paid  to  Apelles  by  weight, 
and  not  by  number,  in  the  same  way  that  bankers  nowadays  use  the 
balance  for  large  payments. 

Pliny  again  (N.  H.  xxxiv,  55)  states  that  the  original  bronze  statue 
of  the  Diadumenos  by  Polykleitos,  of  the  type  of  cast  No.  102  cost  a 
hundred  talents,  i.  e.  of  silver. 

100  talents  =    100  X  60  minae  =  6000  minae. 
6000  minae  =  6000  X  50  staters  =  300,000  staters. 

If  Pliny  spoke  of  Attic  talents,  the  statue  cost  the  equivalent  of 
$134,000  of  gold.  If  he  spoke  of  Aeginetan  talents,  and  Polykleitos 
being  a  Peloponnesian  was  accustomed  to  the  Aeginetan  scale,  the  sum 
paid  was  considerably  more,  nearly  $200,000,  for  the  Aeginetan  scale 
was  nearly  half  as  high  again  as  the  Attic  (vide  p.  9). 

The  mina  is  familiar  from  the  story  of  the  writing  on  the  wall  in 
Daniel,  v,  25,  where  Mene,  Mene,  Tekel,  Upharsin,  means  simply,  a 


INTROD  UCTION. 


but  the  end  of  the  process  that  began  with  barter,  and  it  is 
easy  to  appreciate  the  immediate  cause  of  its  employment. 
The  process  of  weighing  must  have  been  slow  and  incon- 
venient. "  Only  those  who  have  gone  through  the  weary 
process  of  cutting  up  and  weighing  out  lumps  of  silver, 
disputing  over  the  scale,  and  asserting  the  quality  of  the 
metal,  can  appreciate  our  feelings  of  satisfaction  at  again 
being  able  to  make  purchases  in  coin."  *  The  invention 
of  coinage,  consisting  simply  in  the  stamping  by  some 
authority  of  a  mark  on  small  pieces  of  metal  to  show  that 
they  were  of  a  certain  quality  and  weight,  was  therefore  a 
simple  device  to  overcome  an  obstacle  to  trade. 

The  earliest  coins  of  which  we  know  were  neither  of  gold, 
nor  of  silver,  but  of  electrum,  an  alloy  of  the  two  metals. 
The  Earn-  Electrum,  or  white  gold  as  it  was  also  called, 
est  Coins.  was  found  in  a  natural  state,  and  was  regarded, 
in  the  earliest  days  at  least,  as  a  distinct  metal.  The  most 
primitive  of  these  electrum  coins  were  struck  possibly  by 
Gyges,  king  of  Lydia,  716-652  b.  c.,2  and  bore  no  decora- 
tion more  elaborate  than  a  simple  striated  surface,  No.  454 
(PI.  V).  Gold  coins  were  not  struck  until  the  following 
century,  and  were  certainly  not  common  until  the  time  of 
Kroesos,  king  of  Lydia,  561-546  b.  c.  Transactions  in 
gold  were  no  doubt  general  before  this  date,  and  must 
have  been  effected  by  means  of  rings  or  bars  of  metal 
weighed  in  the  manner  employed  before  the  introduction 
of  coinage.  Silver  was  coined  soon  after  electrum  j  the 
earliest  silver  coins  were  issued  in  the  early  part  of  the 
seventh  century,  in  towns  and  islands  of  Asia  Minor,  Chios, 
No.  492  ;  in  the  islands  of  the  Aegean,  Delos,  No.  396, 

mina,  a  mina,  a  shekel,  and  the  parts  of  a  shekel.  The  literal  meaning 
would  have  been  clear  to  those  present;  Daniel  interpreted  it  in  a 
mystic  manner. 

1  Quoted  by  Professor  Ridgeway  in  Origin  of  Currency,  p.  296, 
from  River  of  Golden  Sand,  by  Captain  Gill,  ii,  p.  78. 

2  An  interesting  coincidence  is  presented  by  the  fact  that  coinage 
was  introduced  into  China  at  the  same  time,  namely,  between  the  years 
675  and  670  B.  c.  The  weights  adopted  for  Chinese  coins  also  coin- 
cide with  those  employed  by  the  Greeks.  The  civilization  of  China 
and  that  of  Greece  appear,  therefore,  in  some  measure  to  share  a  com- 
mon history.    There  is  no  evidence  yet  available  to  explain  this  fact. 


IXTRODUCTION. 


and  Naxos,  No.  397  ;  and  in  the  island  of  Aegina  lying 
off  the  coast  of  Attica  to  the  south  of  Salamis.  No.  322 
(PI.  IV).1  These  coins  are  uninscribed  :  their  origin  is 
attributed  or  determined  by  their  types  alone. 

The  earliest  coins  bore  a  design  on  the  obverse  ("  head  ") 
side  alone;  the  reverse  ("tail")  side  showed  simply  the 
impression  of  the  punch  by  means  of  which  the    Decora- 
coin  was  hammered  into  the  obverse  die  —  Or-   tion  of 
reskii,  No.  92  (PI.  II),  Aegina,  No.  325  (PI.  IV).    Coins- 
Next,  the  reverse  "  type "  is  enclosed  in  a  hollow  ("  in- 
cuse ")  square,  Lydia,  No.  537  (PI.  V),  until  finally  the 
incuse  square  disappears  altogether,  leaving  its  memory 
in  the  slight  sinking  that  always  distinguishes  the  reverse 
of  a  Greek  coin  from  the  obverse.    See  Nos.  12,  157.    The 
development  may  be  well  traced  in  the  coins  of  Thebes, 
Nos.  261,  265  (PI.  IV),  268. 

Artistically,  coins  are  most  nearly  related  to  bas-relief 
work  in  marble,2  and  the  problem  the  Greek  coin  engraver 
had  to  solve  was  much  the   same  as  that  pre-   Artistic 
sented  to  the  sculptor  of  relief  work,  to  keep  his    Problem 
surface  fiat  while  producing  the  efTect  of  work  "  in    coins** 
the  round."   The  octadrachm  of  the  Orreskii,  No.    and  their 
92  (PI.  1 1),  and  the  tetradrachms  of  Akanthos,  e.  g.    Minting. 
No.  126  (PI.  II),  are  fine  instances  of  earlier  attempts  in 
this  direction.     When  the  technical  mastery  was  attained, 
artists  became  bolder,  and  a  number  of  bodies  in  different 
planes,  for  instance  the  quadriga  of  the  dekadrachm  of 
Evaenetos,  No.  85  (PI.  II),  were  represented  without  diffi- 

1  Copper  coins  are  not  known  earlier  than  the  end  of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury b.  c.  Thenceforward  they  are  numerous.  Copper  coins  struck 
in  towns  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  during  the  Roman  Empire,  of  the 
Greek  Imperial  Series,  are  many  and  interesting,  but  are  rarely  attrac- 
tive.    Copper  coins  are  not  illustrated  in  the  Museum  collection. 

2  It  is  certain  that  gem-cutters  were  often  employed  to  prepare 
coin  dies.  None  the  less,  coin-engraving  was  not  intimately  related 
to  the  engraving  of  seals.  The  matrix  of  a  seal  was  a  hard  stone  that 
could  be  cut  more  minutely  than  the  metal  die  for  a  coin.  Beyond 
this,  the  seal  was  produced  in  a  non-reflective  material,  wax  or  lead, 
instead  of  the  brilliant  metal  of  a  coin,  and  the  considerations  of  light 
were  therefore  distinct.  The  gem-engraver,  finally,  was  not  condi- 
tioned by  the  necessity  of  keeping  his  work  in  low  relief;  it  will  be 
found  that  gem  relief  is  usually  much  higher  than  that  of  coins. 


6  INTRODUCTION. 


culty.  Even  a  more  difficult  task  was  attempted,  to  present 
faces  in  three-quarter  view  while  preserving  the  flatness  of 
the  relief;  see  the  tetradrachm  of  Amphipolis,  No.  139,  and 
the  tetradrachm  of  Klazomenae,  No.  460  (PI.  V),  the  artist 
relying  on  a  subtle  arrangement  of  light  and  line  to  pro- 
duce the  effect.  Similar  faces  are  found  on  the  Frieze 
of  the  Parthenon,  and  the  idea  probably  arose  from  that 
work.  Representations  of  this  nature  were  works  of  the 
better  artists,  and  for  the  most  part  are  of  great  rarity. 
The  method  was  abandoned  after  use  for  about  three  quar- 
ters of  a  century  (425-350  b.  a),  either  by  reason  of  the 
difficulty  of  achievement,  or  the  liability  of  the  face  to  suf- 
fer from  use.  The  coin  artist  had  further  to  consider  how 
to  adjust  his  subject  to  the  shape  of  the  field,  and  in  mas- 
tering this  difficulty  Greek  artists  excelled.  They  were 
equally  successful  in  filling  a  circle,  a  square,  or  an  oblong ; 
cf.  Naxos,  No.  51  (PI.  I),  Thebes,  No.  265  (PI.  IV),  Kyzi- 
kos,  No.  415  (PI.  V).  Complete  mastery  of  coin  engraving 
was  general  about  the  end  of  the  fourth  century,  and  is 
illustrated  in  the  coinage  of  Alexander,  No.  159  (PI.  II), 
and  the  magnificent  tetradrachms  of  Lysimachos,  Nos. 
206-210  (PI.  III). 

The  work  of  the  Greek  artist  stopped  with  the  engraving 
of  the  die.  The  minting  processes,  consisting  of  the  pre- 
paration of  the  "blanks,"  and  the  actual  stamping  seem  to 
have  been  effected  generally  by  inferior  workmen.  Some 
coins,  the  dekadrachms  of  Syracuse  for  example,  are  well 
struck,  but  most  coins  are  irregular,  and  many  of  them 
exhibit  unpardonable  imperfections  in  the  eyes  of  those 
accustomed  to  the  products  of  modern  mints.  For  in- 
stance, the  obverse  of  No.  537,  figured  in  PI.  V,  was  struck 
from  a  die  worn  almost  beyond  recognition.  That  the 
Greek  artist  possessed  consummate  technical  skill  is  proved 
by  all  that  remains  of  his  work.  The  processes  employed 
by  him  in  marble  work,  and  in  the  treatment  of  metals, 
glass,  terra-cotta,  hard  stones,  and  other  materials  have 
never  been  surpassed.  It  causes  surprise  therefore  that 
Greek  coins  should  have  suffered  from  a  purely  mechani- 
cal defect.  The  explanation  is  that  skilled  workmen  and 
skilled  handicraft  were  despised  by  the  aristocratic  citizens 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

of  Greece  as  beneath  their  regard.  The  artist  would  not 
perform  the  work  of  an  artisan.  The  artisans,  in  con- 
sequence, were  usually  slaves  or  foreigners,  devoid  of  tech- 
nical ability,  and  they  executed  the  minting  work  as  is 
seen  carelessly  and  ignorantly.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  a  Greek  artist  could  have  performed  the  labor  irre- 
proachably, had  not  his  genius  revolted  from  a  task  that 
he  thought  unworthy  of  him  as  a  gentleman.  Roman  coins 
were  struck  far  better. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  names  of  Greek 
coins :  — 

Names  and  Relative 
Values  of  Greek  Coins. 

Dekadrachm 10    drachms 

(No.  85,  PI.  II) 

Tetradrachm 4    drachms 

(No.  299,  PI.  IV) 

Didrachm 2    drachms 

(No.  S3  PI-  I) 

Drachm 6    obols  (No.  304) 

Pentobol 5    obols 

Tetrobol 4    obols  (No.  359) 

Triobol,  or  hemidrachm     ...     3    obols  (No.  318) 

Diobol 2    obols  (No.  333) 

Trihemiobol \\  obols 

Obol (No.  309) 

Tritemorion J  obol  (No.  314} 

Hemiobol \  obol  (No.  311; 

Trihemitetartemorion    ....       |  obol 

Tetartemorion J  obol 

Hemitetartemorion \  obol 

All  these  coins,  it  will  be  seen,  are  based  on  the  drachm 
and  its  sixth  part,  the  obol,  of  which  they  are  multiples  or 
fractions. 

The  term  stater  gives  some  trouble.  It  means  literally 
a  weight,  and  probably  at  first  denoted  a  piece  of  gold 
weighing  130  or  135  grains  ;  for  gold  was  the  first  metal 
weighed,  and  it  is  thought  that  the  original  standard 
gold  weight  was  130  or  135  grains.1     Even  when  coins 

1  The  most  probable  theory  is  that  the  ox  was  the  earliest  universal 


8  INTRODUCTION. 


were  general,  the  term,  originally  adopted  for  gold,  was 
probably  confined  at  first  to  that  metal,  and  exclusively  to 
gold  coins  of  130-135  grains.  For  instance,  the  gold  coin 
No.  532,  weighing  130  grains,  wras  called  the  stater  of 
Kroesos.  Only  later  was  the  term  employed  to  include 
silver  coins,  and  then  only  those  of  this  particular  weight. 
In  this  way  the  Athenian  silver  didrachm,  No.  302,  weigh- 
ing 135  grains,  the  unit  of  the  Athenian  coin  system,  came 
to  be  called  the  Athenian  stater,  and  No.  329  of  the  same 
weight,  the  unit  at  Corinth,  was  called  the  Corinthian  stater. 
Finally  the  term  was  extended  to  embrace  the  unit,  of 
whatever  weight,  in  other  systems,  e.  g.  Aeginetan  stater, 
No.  325,  or  Kyzikene  stater,  No.  413,  weighing  195  and 
250  grains  respectively.  The  word  thus  had  a  specific 
sense,  indicating  a  coin,  first  of  gold  and  then  of  gold  or 
silver,  weighing  130-135  grains,  and  a  second,  more  com- 
prehensive signification,  namely,  coin  unit.  Using  the 
word  in  its  extended  meaning,  the  dollar  might  be  called 
the  American  stater,  for  it  is  the  coin  unit  of  America,- 
or,  similarly,  the  franc  might  be  called  the  French  stater. 
The  word  stater  is  used  in  both  senses  by  modern  numis- 
matists.1 

Just  as  it  was  seen  in  note  1  on  page  3  that  the  mina 
and  talent  varied  in  accordance  with  the  stater,  so  the 
weight  of  each  of  the  above  mentioned  coins  —  from  the 
dekadrachm  to  the  hemitetartemorion,  depended  on  that 
of  its  stater ;  and,  consequently,  in  two  towns  where  the 

unit  of  value,  and  when  gold  was  first  employed,  130  grains  of  the 
metal  were  treated  as  equal  in  value  to  an  ox.  In  this  way  the  ox  as 
the  standard  of  valuation  was  superseded  in  time  by  a  piece  of  gold 
weighing  130  grains. 

The  gold  unit  of  value  has  remained  about  T30  grains  to  this  day. 
The  aureus  of  Imperial  Rome  weighed  124  grains,  while  the  solidus 
of  Constantine,  acknowledged  as  the  standard  for  Europe  under  its 
name  bezant  until  the  fall  of  Byzantium  in  the  fifteenth  century,  weighed 
70  grains  —  rather  more  than  half  the  Greek  stater.  The  English 
noble  weighed  136  grains,  and  this  was  the  parent  of  the  British  sover- 
eign (123  grains)  and  the  American  half-eagle.  The  five-dollar  gold 
piece  to-day  weighs  129  grains,  and  is  thus  within  a  grain  of  the  weight 
of  the  gold  unit  fixed  more  than  three  thousand  years  ago. 

1  The  confusion  the  word  has  caused  to  lexicographers  may  be  ar> 
preciated  by  reading  the  note  on  the  term  in  the  Century  Dictionary. 


INTRODUCTION. 


coin  standards  differed,  coins  bearing  the  same  names  were 
different  in  weight  and  consequently  in  value.  This  fact 
is  apt  to  cause  a  little  confusion.  It  is  difficult  at  first  to 
realize,  for  instance,  that  at  Aegina  and  Athens,  two  states 
within  sight  of  each  other,  the  Aeginetan  drachm  weighed 
one  and  a  half  times  as  much  as  the  Attic  drachm.  An 
analogy  existed  in  the  United  States  when  the  dollar  and 
trade  dollar,  two  distinct  coins  bearing  the  same  name, 
wore  coined  at  the  same  time,  and  a  similar  difference 
exists  to-day  between  the  American  cent  and  the  French 
cent  or  centime. 

The  origin  and  development  of  coin  standards  are  of 
first  importance  to  the  numismatist  and  metrologist,  but 
have  little  interest  for  the  student  of  art,  and  are  not  dealt 
with  here. 


ITALY   AND  SICILY. 

The  coins  are  arranged  in  geographical  order,  going  from  north  to  south, 
and  from  -west  to  east.  The  order  is  the  following:  —  Italy  ;  Sicily  ;  Mace- 
donia, Thrace,  and  the  Mainland  of  Greece;  the  Greek  Islands;  Asia 
Minor  ;  Syria  ;  the  North  Coast  of  Africa.  This  arrangement  is  simple, 
and  is  sanctioned  by  tradition,  but  is  open  to  the  two  objections  that  it  treats 
the  colonies  of  Greece  before  their  parent  cities,  and  it  places  the  earliest  coins 
of  all,  —  those  of  Asia  Minor  at  the  end  of  the  system  instead  of  at  the 
beginning. 

Italy  and  Sicily  have  been  called  the  America  of  Greece. 
Numerous  Greek  colonies  were  spread  along  the  coasts, 
and  these  issued  many  of  the  most  beautiful  Greek  coins. 
The  earliest  coins  of  these  Greek  cities  were  those  issued 
by  the  Achaean  colonies  in  Magna  Graecia  (Southern  Italy) 
early  in  the  sixth  century.  This  series  is  ill  represented 
in  this  collection,  but  Sybaris,  No.  19,  is  an  instance.  The 
coin  is  a  thin  silver  plate  showing  the  same  type  on  both 
sides,  in  relief  on  the  obverse  and  sunk  on  the  reverse,  as 
if  to  imitate  a  repousse  metal  disk.  This  fabric  lasted 
into  the  fifth  century. 

Sicilian  coinage  was  not  general  until  the  end  of  the 
sixth  century.  The  types  at  first  were  simple,  as  is  seen 
at  Zankle,  No.  45,  Naxos,  No.  50,  Selinus,  No.  55,  —  but 
by  degrees  they  were  elaborated  in  accordance  with  a  fine 
taste  that  is  peculiarly  Sicilian,  —  Himera,  No.  40,  Syra- 
cuse, No.  62. 

The  greatest  impulse  given  to  coin-engraving  in  the 
West  came  from  Athens,  where  art  had  been  developed  to 
a  high  degree  under  Perikles  ;  and  this  was  first  felt  at  the 
Athenian  colony  of  Thurii  about  443  b.  c.  In  that  year 
the  town  was  established  under  the  protection  of  Athens, 
and  it  is  thought  that  among  the  colonists  may  have  been 
included  artists  who  had  worked  for  Pheidias.  Their  in- 
fluence is  supposed  to  have  spread  rapidly,  and  by  the 
close  of  the  century  many  of  the  most  magnificent  Greek 
coins  had  appeared  from  these  western  mints.  Direct 
Attic  influence  may  be  traced  in  two  of  the  coins  of  this 


ITAL  V  AND  S/C/L  V.  1 1 

collection  ;  No.  35,  Terina  (PI.  I),  recalling  the  style  of 
the  Nike*  Balustrade  (see  casts,  Nos.  491-497) ;  and  No.  28, 
Croton  (PI.  1),  which  seems  to  reproduce  the  "Theseus" 
of  the  Parthenon  (cast  410  C).  The  art  also  of  represent- 
ing faces  in  three-quarter  view  is  supposed  to  have  been 
derived  directly  from  the  Frieze  of  the  Parthenon.  Intro- 
duced into  Italy  it  was  developed  to  perfection  in  the  won- 
derful creations  of  an  unknown  artist  at  Pandosia,  No.  32 
(PI.  I),  and  Kimon  at  Syracuse,  No.  68  (PI.  I).  The  art  of 
these  Greek  towns  in  Italy  and  Sicily  may  be  recognized 
by  a  particular  elegance  of  conception  and  extraordinary 
minuteness  of  execution,  resulting  occasionally  in  hardness 
when,  as  it  seems,  gem-engravers  were  employed  to  cut  coin- 
dies,  and  used  special  methods  more  applicable  to  hard 
stones  than  to  malleable  substances,  such  as  silver,  —  as, 
for  example,  Herakleia,  No.  15,  Croton,  No.  30,  Syracuse, 
No.  76.  A  certain  elaborate  picturesque  quality,  due  partly 
to  this  peculiarity,  is  general  in  Italy  and  Sicily,  but  is 
never  found  in  coins  issued  in  Greece.  (See  Tarentum, 
No.  13,  Velia,  No.  23,  etc.) 

The  history  of  Sicily  is  more  interesting  and  better 
known  than  that  of  Greek  Italy ;  and  many  of  its  incidents, 
from  the  early  struggle  with  Carthage  down  to  its  submis- 
sion to  Rome,  may  be  traced  in  the  coins  and  illustrated 
by  them. 


ITALY. 

8-14.  Tarentum  (the  Greek  Taras),  the  modern  Ta- 
ranto,  Colony  of  Sparta. 

Taras,  the  son  of  Poseidon,  according  to  the  ancient 
story,  crossed  the  ocean  on  a  dolphin  and  founded  Taren- 
tum. Historically,  the  foundation  dated  from  708  b.  c,  and 
was  due  to  the  Spartan  Phalanthos  at  the  head  of  the 
Partheniae,  or  illegitimate  sons  who  were  born  at  Sparta 
during  the  Messenian  War.  In  the  course  of  time,  the 
myth  of  Taras  was  transferred  to  Phalanthos,  and  it  was 
related  of  him  that  he  had  been  saved  from  shipwreck  by 
a  dolphin.  This  story  is  constantly  represented  on  Taren- 
tine  coins.     See  Nos.  8  and  12. 

As  constant  a  type  is  a  horseman,  No.  13,  probably 
Taras  or  Phalanthos,  represented  in  connection  with  games 
held  in  honor  of  local  divinities  and  heroes.  These  types, 
the  boy  on  the  dolphin  and  the  horseman,  were  continued 
at  Tarentum  for  a  period  of  two  and  a  half  centuries,  from 
450  to  200  b.  c. 

On  Nos.  9  and  14,  Taras  holds  a  Nike,  symbolical  of 
victory,  and  a  trident,  the  symbol  of  his  father  Poseidon, 
in  reference,  perhaps,  to  Tarentum's  position  of  command 
of  the  Tarentine  Sea. 

15.  Herakleia,  on  the  Tarentine  Gulf,  half-way  be- 
tween Tarentum  and  Thurii,  was  founded  by  these  two 
towns  conjointly,  in  432  b.  c.  In  the  fourth  century  it 
became  a  meeting-place  for  all  the  Italiotes,  and  was 
consequently  of  importance :  many  beautiful  coins  were 
issued  there.  On  this  coin  is  represented  a  head  of 
Athena  in  crested  helmet.  On  the  helmet  is  seen  a  repre- 
sentation of  Scylla  hurling  a  stone,  a  subject  suited  to  an 
Italian  town.  This  terrible  monster  that  dwelt  between 
Italy  and  Sicily  is  shown  as  half  woman  and  half  fish,  with 
dogs  springing  from  her  waist.     In  the  field  of  the  coin 


ITALY.  13 


maybe  seen  a  strigil, —  the  implement  used  by  athletes 
for  scraping  their  bodies  after  exercise  in  the  palaestra  {cf. 
the  specimen  in  bronze  in  the  Museum  collection).  It  is 
placed  here  probably  as  a  magistrate's  symbol  ;  that  is  to 
say,  the  sign  of  the  magistrate  responsible  for  the  striking 
of  the  coin,  —  perhaps  his  signet.  The  elaboration  of  the 
work  on  this  head  of  Athena  suggests  the  hand  of  a  gem- 
engraver. 

19.  Sybaris,  Achaean  Colony  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum. 

This  was  the  largest,  richest,  and  most  magnificent  city 
of  the  Greek  world  in  the  sixth  century.  Its  inhabitants, 
grown  rich  from  the  profits  of  the  trade  in  Eastern  goods 
carried  hither  from  Miletos  in  Ionia,  lived  in  magnifi- 
cence :  their  luxury  is  proverbial.  The  town  was  built  on 
the  Krathis,  and  the  bull  may  typify  this  river.  The  bull's 
head  is  turned  back,  possibly  to  fit  the  figure  better  to  the 
coin.  Compare  an  early  Greek  gem  (red  jasper)  in  the 
Museum  for  the  same  peculiarity. 

20-22.  Thurii,  Athenian  Colony. 

Sybaris  was  destroyed  in  510  b.  c.  Thurii  was  founded 
on  the  same  site,  443  b.  c,  by  the  Athenians.  The  head 
of  Athena,  No.  20,  with  its  crested,  olive-crowned  helmet, 
was  chosen  for  the  symbol,  as  on  Athenian  coins,  Nos. 
293,  295,  but  is  here  treated  without  archaism.  The  bull 
on  the  reverse,  No.  2 1  (PI.  I),  is  the  old  sign  of  Sybaris, 
No.  19,  now  shown  rushing  (dovptoi)  in  allusion  perhaps 
to  the  new  name  of  the  town.  It  may  also,  with  the  fish 
in  the  exergue,  symbolize  the  river  Krathis.  The  fish  is 
a  mullet  which  lives  in  brackish  water.  No.  21  is  among 
the  finest  examples  of  this  beautiful  coin. 

28^-30.  Crotori,  Achaean  Colony,  situated  at  the  south- 
ern point  of  the  Gulf  of  Tarentum. 

This  town  was  famous  for  its  philosopher  Pythagoras, 
and  for  its  successes  in  the  Olympic  games.  "  To  win 
numerous  victories  of  this  kind  at  the  Hellenic  games,  in 
contests  in  which  success  depended  upon  skilful  and 
judicious  training  of  the  athlete,  which  implies  the  exist- 


14  ITALY. 


ence  of  intelligence  and  leisure,  the  whole  bent  of  the 
community  must  have  been  aristocratic."  Holm.  This 
aristocratic  feeling  is  certainly  exhibited  in  the  coins,  Nos. 
28-30.  The  ruling  divinities  at  Croton  were  Apollo, 
Hera  of  the  Lakinian  promontory,  and  Herakles,  who  had 
once  sojourned  at  Croton  and  was  regarded  as  an  Achaean 
hero  and  even  as  the  founder  of  the  town  j  and  these  are 
all  represented. 

28  (PI.  I.)  Youthful  Herakles  lying  on  a  rock,  holding 
a  wine-cup.  The  pose  resembles  that  of  the  "  Theseus  "  of 
the  Parthenon  (see  Parthenon  Room,  No.  410,  Fig.  E,  East 
Pediment).    Perhaps  it  is  a  "  memory-sketch  "  of  that  work. 

29.  The  head  of  Hera  Lakinia  wearing  a  diadem. 
"The  Lacinian  Hera,  if  a  coin  could  be  found  unworn  in 
surface,  would  be  very  noble ;  her  hair  is  thrown  free 
because  she  is  the  goddess  of  the  cape  of  storms,  though 
in  her  temple,  there,  the  wind  never  moved  the  ashes  on 
the  altar.     (Livy  XXIV,  3.)  "  —  Ruskin. 

It  is  possible  that  the  head  was  copied  from  a  statue  of 
the  goddess  in  the  temple  at  Croton.  This  was  the  most 
famous  sanctuary  in  Italy,  and  its  festivals,  together  with 
the  Lakinian  games,  formed  the  common  point  of  assem- 
blage for  all  Italiote  Greeks,  in  the  fifth  century. 

30.  Head  of  Apollo  crowned  with  laurel. 

These  three  coins,  Nos.  28-30,  are  almost  unworn  in 
surface.  They  date  probably  from  before  the  end  of  the 
fifth  century. 

32  (PI.  I.)  Pandosia,  probably  colonized  from  Croton. 

Head  of  Hera  Lakinia.  Compare  No.  29.  Probably 
the  work  of  the  artist  of  No.  21.  His  full  name  has  not 
been  preserved,  as  he  signed  the  initial  letters  Ph  only. 

"  The  beautiful  stater  is  one  of  the  most  exquisite  pro- 
ductions of  any  Greek  mint."  Head.  The  issue  of  this 
famous  coin  may  have  been  small ;  only  four  other  ex- 
amples are  known  ;  three  are  in  national  collections,  the 
fourth  is  in  a  private  collection  in  England. 


ITALY.  15 


33.  Rhegrium  (the  Greek  Rhegion). 

Head  of  Apollo,  in  the  style  of  the  artist  Kratesippos. 
Rhegium  was  a  colony  of  Chalkis  in  Euboea,  founded  in 
accordance  with  the  directions  of  the  Delphic  oracle,  and 
the  original  colonists  were  under  the  especial  patronage  of 
Apollo.  Apollo  was  patron  god  of  colonies  and  newly 
founded  cities,  and  his  oracle  was  often  consulted  before 
such  undertakings  were  entered  upon.  Representations  of 
him  on  coins  are  often  due  to  this  aspect  of  his  divinity,  as 
for  instance  at  Croton,  No.  30,  and  Syracuse,  No.  71. 

34-35.  Terina,  colonized  from  Croton. 

35  (PI.  I.)  Nike*  (Victory)  seated,  holding  an  olive 
spray.  This  graceful  and  beautiful  figure  is  among  the 
finest  creations  of  Greek  coin-engraving.  It  is  probably 
the  work  of  the  artist  of  the  Pandosia  stater,  No.  32 
(PI.  I).  Compare  the  gem-like  fineness  of  this  coin  with 
the  similar  but  more  sculpturesque  and  broadly  treated 
coin  of  Elis,  No.  355. 


SICILY. 

37-38.  Agrigentum  (the  Greek  Akragas,  the  modern 
Girgenti).     Colony  of  Gela. 

37  (PI.  I.)  This  coin  is  very  famous.  It  represents  two 
eagles  on  a  hare :  one  is  about  to  tear  the  prey,  while  the 
other  raises  its  head  to  shriek.  The  subject  is  grandly 
conceived,  and  simply  executed.  A  similar  scene  is  de- 
scribed in  the  Agamemnon  of  Aeschylus  (born  525  b.  a), 
line  115,  where  he  speaks  of  two  eagles  :  — 

"  The  black  sort,  and  the  sort  that 's  white  behind,  — 
Appearing  .  .  . 

In  right  sky-regions,  visible  far  and  wide,  — 
Devouring  a  hare-creature,  great  with  young." 

Translated  by  Browning. 

The  eagle  is  a  constant  sign  of  Akragas  :  another  sym- 
bol is  the  crab,  referring  either  to  the  position  of  Akragas 
near  the  coast,  or  typifying  the  river  Akragas  that  flowed 
past  the  town.  One  may  be  seen,  for  instance,  on  the 
reverse  of  the  next  coin,  No.  38,  beneath  the  chariot. 

40,  41.  Himera,  Colony  from  Chalkis  in  Euboea. 

A  nymph  sacrifices  at  an  altar.  The  satyr  enjoying  a 
bath  symbolizes  the  hot  springs  for  which  the  town  was 
famous.  The  satyr  is  rendered  smaller  than  the  nymph, 
as  if  to  show  that  he  is  in  the  background  of  the  com- 
position. Greek  relief  work  at  this  date  did  not  attempt 
to  show  figures  in  different  and  unconnected  planes. 
The  subject,  therefore,  is  treated  rather  pictorially  than 
plastically,  in  a  way  that  is  most  exceptional  with  Greek 
coins. 

42-44.  Leontini,  Chalkidian  Colony  from  Naxos,  lying 
between  Catana  and  Syracuse. 

On  one  side  of  these  coins  is  seen  the  head  of  Apollo 
crowned  with  laurel,  and  on  the  other  the  head  of  a  lion 


SICILY.  17 


surrounded  by  four  grains  of  corn.  These  types  are 
thought  to  refer  to  Apollo  as  sun-god,  —  the  lion  being  a 
symbol  of  the  sun  ;  and  the  corn  grains  would  indicate 
him  especially  as  protector  of  the  harvest.  The  explana- 
tion is  probable,  for  Leontini  owed  its  prosperity  to  the 
extreme  fertility  of  the  land,  which  was  renowned  in  all 
ages  for  its  extraordinary  richness.  At  the  same  time, 
the  lion's  head  may  have  been  chosen  in  punning  allusion 
to  the  name  of  the  town  (AeW  and  Atovrlvoi). 

The  fatal  Athenian  expedition  against  Syracuse  in  415 
b.  c.  started  at  the  instance  of  Leontini. 

45.  Zankle  (modern  Messina),  Colony  from  Chalkis  in 
Euboea. 

The  name  is  of  Sikel  origin  and  means  sickle.  The 
dolphin  symbolizes  the  sea,  while  the  raised  semicircle 
represents  the  line  of  land  forming  the  harbor,  from  the 
sickle-like  shape  of  which  the  town  received  its  name. 

46-49.  Messana,  the  later  name  of  Zankle,  recolo- 
nized  from  Samos  and  Miletos. 

This  type  of  coin  was  due  to  Anaxilas  of  Rhegium. 
The  mule-car  as  a  type,  No.  47,  originated  with  the  victory 
won  by  his  mule-car  at  Olympia.  The  dolphins  in  the 
exergue  indicate  the  sea.  Whether  the  hare,  No.  46,  was 
meant  to  commemorate  his  introduction  of  the  animal  into 
Sicily,  as  Aristotle  relates,  or  as  a  symbol  of  the  god 
Pan,  as  modern  numismatists  assert,  is  debated.  Hare- 
coursing  was  the  fox-hunting  of  the  Greeks,  and  is  often 
represented  on  their  vases.  On  No.  48  is  a  small  head 
of  Pan. 

50-53.  Naxos,  Colony  from  Chalkis  in  Etrboea  ;  prob- 
ably also  from  the  island  of  Naxos :  the  earliest  colony  in 
Sicily  (near  the  modern  Taormina). 

As  in  the  island  of  Naxos,  No.  397,  its  coin  types  are 
related  to  Dionysos  and  wine-drinking.  Nos.  50  and  52 
show  the  head  of  Dionysos,  the  god  of  wine.  The 
reverse,  No.  51  (PI.  I),  is  a  famous  representation  of  a 


1 8  SICILY. 


satyr  with  horse's  ears  and  tail,  holding  a  wine-cup  in  his 
hand.  The  knowledge  of  anatomy  displayed  by  the  artist, 
together  with  the  bold  foreshortening  of  the  right  leg,  and 
the  adjustment  of  the  figure  to  the  space  at  his  command 
are  remarkable,  more  especially  if,  as  is  believed,  the  coin 
dates  from  before  the  time  of  Pheidias.  The  satyr  was 
intimately  connected  with  the  worship  of  Dionysos,  in- 
dulging in  wine  and  every  form  of  sensual  pleasure.  A 
later  representation,  No.  53  (PI.  I),  of  the  same  subject, 
the  work  of  an  artist  Prokles,  dating  from  the  closing 
years  of  the  fifth  century,  is  a  masterpiece  of  coin-engrav- 
ing. The  satyr  is  seen  in  much  the  same  position  as  the 
previous  one,  but  in  addition  is  shown  a  terminal  bust  of 
Dionysos,  and  beside  it  the  thyrsos  or  staff  of  the  god 
with  its  pine  cone  at  the  top.  On  the  opposite  side  of 
the  representation  grows  an  ivy  plant,  another  attribute 
of  this  divinity.  The  whole  composition  here,  as  on  the 
coins  of  Himera,  is  exceptional  for  work  in  relief.  The 
head  on  No.  52  icf.  PI.  I,  51)  bears  a  remarkable  resem- 
blance to  the  head  of  Dionysos,  cast  No.  137.  That  type 
has  been  ascribed  to  the  artist  Pythagoras  of  Rhegium. 

55.  Selimis,  Colony  from  Megara  in  Sicily  and  Megara 
in  Greece. 

The  wild  parsley,  selinon  (ai\ivov\  grew  and  grows  still 
in  great  luxuriance  at  Selinus,  and  gave  its  name  to  the 
town.  The  leaf  is  shown  on  this  coin.  From  this  plant 
were  made  the  crowns  for  the  victors  at  the  Nemean 
games  and  the  Isthmian  games  at  Corinth.  The  Corin- 
thian Timoleon  turned  to  advantage  his  knowledge  of  this 
fact  before  his  glorious  battle  against  the  Carthaginians 
at  the  Krimisos  near  Selinus  in  339  b.  c.  His  Sicilian 
troops  had  met  a  number  of  mules  laden  with  this  plant, 
and  regarded  the  fact  as  a  bad  augury,  for  they  associated 
parsley  with  its  use  in  Sicily  for  adorning  tombs.  Timo- 
leon told  them  it  was  the  wreath  of  victory,  and  at  his 
instance  they  crowned  their  heads  with  it. 

56-85.  Syracuse,  Colony  of  Corinth. 

Syracuse  was  the  richest  and  most  populous  city   of 


SICILY.  19 


ancient  Greece.  It  began  to  coin  money  about  500  n.  c, 
and  during  a  period  of  three  hundred  years  issued  a  con- 
tinuous series  of  coins  unrivalled  for  variety  and  beauty 
by  those  of  any  other  town.  The  gradual  development  of 
the  art  of  coining  in  a  single  state  is  best  illustrated  by 
these  coins.  The  Museum  possesses  a  few  of  them,  and 
the  examples  exhibited  show,  especially  in  the  elabora- 
tion of  the  hair,  the  gradual  evolution  of  the  series  from 
archaism,  Nos.  56-61,  through  the  period  of  full  splendor, 
Nos.  62-69,  an(*  freedom,  Nos.  72-79,  to  weakness  and 
decline,  Nos.  80-82.  The  head  on  the  coins,  Nos.  56-65, 
represents  the  nymph  Arethusa,  who  fled  beneath  the  water 
from  Greece  to  Sicily,  and  sprang  up  at  Syracuse  as  a 
fresh-water  fountain  beside  the  sea;  and  the  dolphins 
symbolize  the  sea. 

68  (PI.  I.)  Head  of  Arethusa,  with  the  dolphins  play- 
ing among  her  tresses.  "  The  fountain  Arethusa  is  repre- 
sented by  a  female  head,  full  face,  whose  flowing  locks 
suggest,  though  they  do  not  directly  imitate,  the  bubbling 
action  of  the  fresh-water  spring  which  rises  in  the  sea, 
here  typified  by  the  dolphins  which  sport  round  the  head 
of  the  Nymph."  —  Sir  C.  T.  Newton. 

This  wonderful  and  famous  head  was  the  result  of  a 
gradual  evolution  ;  an  earlier  suggestion  of  the  same  idea 
is  seen  in  Phistelia,  No.  7.  In  turn  it  was  copied  on 
other  coins :  for  instance,  in  Greece,  at  Larissa,  Nos. 
218,  221 ;  and  even  in  Asia,  Tarsos,  No.  550.  It  was  the 
greatest  work  of  the  artist  Kimon. 

83-85  (PI.  II,  85.)  Dekadrachms  by  Evaenetos. 
His  signature  may  be  seen  on  one  coin,  No.  83,  beneath 
the  head.     Date  about  406  b.  c. 

"  Le  temps  passe.    Tout  meurt     Le  marbre  mSme  s'use. 
Agrigente  n'est  plus  qu'une  ombre,  et  Syracuse 
Dort  sous  le  bleu  linceul  de  son  ciel  indulgent ; 
Et  seul  le  dur  metal  que  l'amour  fit  docile 
Garde  encore  en  sa  fleur,  aux  m^dailles  d'argent, 
L'immortelle  beaute  des  vierges  de  Sicile."  * 

1  Quoted  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Hill  in  the  Preface  to  his  Handbook  of  Greek 
and  Roman  Coins,  1899. 


20  SICILY. 


The  head  is  that  of  Persephone,  daughter  of  Demeter: 
in  her  hair  is  a  sprig  of  wild  barley.  The  curve  of  the 
upper  lip  is  characteristic  of  Evaenetos.  On  the  reverse, 
2}To.  84  (cf.  PI.  II,  85),  is  a  victorious  quadriga  with  Nike 
crowning  the  charioteer.  Beneath  is  some  armor,  prob- 
ably the  prize  for  the  race.  It  seems  probable  that  these 
dekadrachms  were  issued  yearly  in  connection  with  the 
Assinaria,  or  games  held  to  celebrate  the  Syracusan  vic- 
tory over  the  Athenians  at  the  river  Assinaros  in  413 
b.  c.1 

"  Weiter,  als  diese  Miinzen,  kann  der  menschliche  Begriff  nicht 
gehen."  Winckelmann. 

"  Evainetos  est  le  plus  grand  de  toils  dans  la  branche  qu'il  a  cul- 
tivee.  II  est  comme  le  Phidias  de  la  gravure  en  monnaies.  Regardez 
pendant  quelque  temps  une  piece  gravee  par  lui,  et  bientot  vous 
oublierez  les  dimensions  exigues  de  l'objet  que  vous  tenez  a  la  main  ; 
vous  croirez  avoir  sous  les  yeux  quelque  fragment  detache  des  frises 
du  Parthenon."  Lenormant. 

"  To  the  sublime  perfection  of  these  coins  no  work  of  man  of  a 
similar  description  has  hitherto  even  approached." 

Payne  Knight. 

41  The  dekadrachm  that  is  signed  by  Evaenetos  is  the  chef d'ceuvre 
of  the  art  of  coin  engraving."  Head. 

1  An  interesting  proof  of  the  fame  enjoyed  by  these  coins  in  an- 
tiquity is  afforded  by  the  vase  exhibited  in  a  neighboring  case.  This 
is  a  plain,  black-glazed  earthenware  kylix  decorated  only  by  a  medal- 
lion in  the  centre.  Careful  attention  shows  this  to  be  a  reproduction 
of  one  of  the  dekadrachms  of  Evaenetos.  An  impression  of  a  deka- 
drachm was  made  in  some  material,  and  by  pressing  clay  into  this 
mould,  a  copy  of  the  coin  was  obtained.  The  rim  of  this  reproduc- 
tion was  cut  away  to  fit  it  for  its  place ;  and  in  the  process,  the  lower 
part  of  the  signature  of  the  artist  was  sacrificed :  the  upper  half  of 
the  abbreviated  name  is  still  visible  beneath  the  dolphin  that  is  under 
the  neck  of  Persephone  {cf.  the  similar  abbreviation  on  No.  83).  The 
reduction  of  the  size  of  the  coin  is  emphasized  by  the  natural  shrink- 
ing of  the  clay  in  the  process  of  manufacture.  The  kylix  seems  from 
its  shape,  and  especially  its  twisted  handles,  to  have  been  made  in  imi- 
tation of  a  bronze,  vessel,  and  it  may  be  noticed  that  the  artist  has 
endeavored,  by  the  use  of  a  silver  colored  glaze,  to  give  the  medallion 
the  appearance  of  a  silver  coin. 

The  vase  was  made  probably  at  Capua,  not  far  from  Naples  ;  and 
is  therefore  of  Italian  fabric,  and  not  Sicilian.  Its  date  must  be 
placed  some  time  in  the  fourth  century  b.  c.  ;  not  many  years  later,  it 
is  probable,  than  the  issue  of  the  coin. 


sicil  y.  2 1 


69-73.  344-317  B.  c.  Timoleon  had  been  sent  from 
Corinth  to  free  Syracuse  and  other  towns  in  Sicily  of  their 
tyrants.  He  accomplished  his  task  and  resigned  his 
leadership  in  339  v..  c.  The  coins  struck  in  this  period 
referred  to  these  events.  Zeus  iktvOtpios  (the  liberator) 
was  a  divinity  first  worshipped  at  Syracuse  when  the 
tyrant  Thrasyboulos  had  been  banished  in  the  preceding 
century  ;  and  the  Zeus  head,  on  coin  No.  73,  recalled  this 
deliverance.  The  beautiful  electrum  coin,  No.  69,  with  the 
head  of  Artemis  %t*r*tpa  (the  saviour),  was  a  tribute  to 
Artemis,  the  earliest  patron  goddess  of  Syracuse ;  while 
the  Apollo,  whose  head  is  on  No.  71,  is  Apollo  apxqytTTjs 
(the  chief  leader),  the  protector  of  the  original  Greek  set- 
tlers. The  Corinthian  type  with  the  head  of  Athena  (com- 
pare No.  70  with  Corml/i,  No.  338)  is  a  mark  of  political 
attachment  between  Syracuse  and  the  mother  city. 

No.  76  is  a  coin  struck  310-305  b.  c.  by  Agathokles, 
tyrant  and  king  of  Syracuse,  about  the  time  of  his  African 
expedition.  The  graceful  and  charming  head  represents 
Persephone.  It  is  a  more  beautiful  type  than  the  head  on 
his  earlier  coin,  No.  75,  copied  from  the  Evaenetos  type, 
No.  83.     His  earlier  coin  was  struck  317-310  b.  c. 

No.  79  is  a  portrait  of  Philistis,  wife  of  Hieron  II, 
king  at  Syracuse  275-216  b.  c.  Hieron's  modesty  was 
famous :  he  put  his  own  portrait  on  his  coins  but  rarely, 
while  coins  bearing  his  wife's  head  are  not  very  rare. 
Nothing  is  known  of  her  history  or  character,  but  her  por- 
trait is  one  of  the  finest  on  coins.  She  wears  the  royal 
diadem  and  a  veil,  much  in  the  same  way  as  is  seen  on 
the  contemporary  Ptolemaic  portraits  (cf.  the  Berenike 
head,  No.  565).  In  fact,  the  similarity  of  treatment  has 
suggested  to  historians  the  existence  of  political  relations 
between  Syracuse  and  Egypt  at  this  date.1  In  the  field  of 
the  coin  is  a  lighted  torch,  either  a  magistrate's  symbol  or 

1  It  seems  therefore  certain  that  the  merit  of  these  coins  as  works  of 
art  was  recognized  by  contemporary  Greeks,  and  that  their  popularity 
justified  their  employment,  in  a  distinctly  exceptional  manner,  as 
decoration  for  household  pottery. 


22  SICILY. 


a  mint  mark.  The  skill  shown  by  this  portrait  is  in  con- 
trast to  the  reverse,  with  Nike  driving  a  chariot:  the 
feebleness  of  the  latter  may  be  realized  by  comparing  the 
biga  on  No.  80  —  the  reverse  of  a  smaller  coin  of  Philis- 
tis  —  with  the  quadriga  on  the  dekadrachm,  No.  84. 


GREECE. 

MACEDON   AND  THRACE. 

The  coins  of  Macedon  and  Thrace  are  distinguished  by 
great  breadth  and  massiveness  of  treatment,  distinct  char- 
acterization, and  sense  of  decorative  fitness  :  they  are 
sculpturesque  when  compared  with  the  gem-like  produc- 
tions of  Italy  and  Sicily.  There  is  a  certain  difference  in 
the  style  between  the  Apollo  of  the  Chalkidian  League, 
No.  132  (PI.  II),  and  the  Apollo  of  Rhegium,  No.  33,  that 
may  readily  be  distinguished  ;  and  it  is  easy  to  appreciate 
the  vigor  and  richness  of  the  full-faced  coins  of  Aenos,  No. 
185  (PI.  Ill),  and  Amphipolis,  No.  139,  after  the  sweetness 
of  the  tetradrachm  of  Kimon,  No.  68  (PI.  I).  For  typical 
North  Greek  coins,  notice  particularly  Orreskii,  No.  92 
(PI.  II)  ;  Getas,  King  of  Edoni,  No.  121  (PI.  II) ;  Arche- 
laos  I,  No.  147  ;  Aenos,  No.  182  (PI.  III).  The  octa- 
drachms  of  the  Orreskii  and  Edoni  (tribes  whose  existence 
is  known  from  coins  alone)  are  very  rare.  The  artist 
represents  simply  a  warrior  with  two  oxen  (cf.  the  Vaphio 
cup  electrotype  in  the  Museum),  and  is  very  successful  in 
arranging  his  subject  to  fill  the  space  at  his  disposal. 
These  northern  Greek  coins  were  developed  at  an  earlier 
date  than  those  farther  south,  probably  because  the  coun- 
try was  rich  in  consequence  of  the  valuable  silver  mines 
situated  in  these  districts. 

97-113.     Neapolis. 

This  town  may  have  been  founded  by  the  Athenian 
tyrant  Peisistratos  during  his  banishment  550-540  B.  c. 
Probably  Peisistratos  went  there  from  Eretria  in  Euboea, 
and  took  with  him  Eretrian  colonists.  The  type  of  the 
Gorgon's  head  would  connect  the  city  both  with  Eretria 
and  Athens  ;  for  the  Gorgon  head  is  found  on  Eretrian 


24  GREECE. 

coins,  Nos.  272,  273,  and  was  a  symbol  of  Athena.1 
Athena  had  changed  the  Gorgon's  hair  into  snakes,  and 
when  Perseus  slew  the  monster,  she  wore  the  Gorgon's 
head  on  her  aegis.  Doubtless  the  idea  of  the  Gorgon 
was  something  terrible,  associated  with  primitive  notions 
of  the  moon  and  thunder  clouds. 

"  Sometimes  they  put  themselves  to  their  wits'-end  to 
draw  an  ugly  thing, — the  Medusa's  head,  for  instance, 
—  but  they  can't  do  it,  not  they,  because  nothing  frightens 
them.  .  .  .  Pensiveness ;  amazement ;  often  deepest  grief 
and  desolation,  all  these,  but  terror  never.  Everlasting 
calm  in  the  presence  of  all  fate ;  and  joy  such  as  they 
could  win  —  in  beauty  at  perfect  rest."     (jfcuskin.) 

At  first  these  coins  bear  no  reverse  type  ;  but  later,  the 
head  of  Aphrodite  is  introduced,  No.  103.  —  Many  of 
these  coins  were  found  together,  and  are  of  similar  de- 
nominations :  nevertheless  it  may  be  seen  that  no  two  of 
them  are  identical.  The  dies  are  similar,  but  not  exactly 
alike.  The  fact  is  interesting,  as  it  shows  that  it  is  prob- 
able that  in  a  Greek  mint  many  dies  were  employed  at  the 
same  time  for  the  production  of  a  single  issue  of  coins  • 
and  further,  that  the  dies  were  not  multiplied  by  mechani- 
cal means  as  nowadays  is  the  case,  but  each  was  engraved 
by  the  artist. 

122-130  (PI.  II,  126,  130).     Akanthos. 

Lion  attacking  a  bull.  Herodotos  (VII,  125)  tells  us 
that  lions,  and  wild  bulls  with  large  horns,  existed  near 
Akanthos  at  the  time  that  Xerxes  marched  through  the 
country  in  480  B.C.  The  coins  corroborate  the  statement. 
No.  126  is  a  rare  and  beautiful  variety,  with  a  lioness  in- 
stead of  the  lion  attacking  the  bull. 

131,  132.     Chalkidike. 

The  Chalkidian  league,  was  founded  in  392  b.  c.  It 
consisted  of  Olynthos  and  neighboring  towns  that  had 
banded  themselves  together  with  common  rights  and  laws. 
After  a  time  the  league  employed  force  to  compel  other 

1  For  similar  heads  in  sculpture,  see  casts  Nos.  19  and  27  (from 
Selinus),  in  the  Archaic  Greek  room  of  the  Museum. 


MACEDON  AND   THRACE.  2$ 

cities  to  join  it ;  and  Akanthos  and  Apollonia  thus  co- 
erced applied  to  Sparta.  Sparta  suppressed  the  league 
in  379  b.  c,  but  coins  were  still  issued  by  it  until  Philip 
lacedon  abolished  it  by  destroying  Olynthos  utterly, 
349  b.  c.  Demosthenes'  Olynthiac  orations  were  made  in 
favor  of  the  league,  and  against  Philip  j  but  the  help  sent 
by  the  Athenians  in  consequence  of  these  appeals  arrived 
too  late. 

The  coins  of  the  league  are  famous  for  their  beauty. 
No.  132  (PI.  II)  is  a  perfect  specimen.  The  head  is  that 
of  Apollo  crowned  with  laurel,  and  is  similar  to  that  on 
Philip's  own  gold  stater,  No.  151  (PI.  II). 

139.     Amphipolis. 

Amphipolis,  colonized  by  Athens  in  437  b.  c,  was  a 
town  of  first-rate  importance,  both  from  its  commanding 
strategic  position,  and  because  it  was  close  to  the  gold 
and  silver  mines  of  Macedonia.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Spartans  in  424  b.  c,  and  was  never  recovered  by  the 
Athenians. 

The  coins  of  Amphipolis  are  worthy  of  its  pre-eminence. 
The  head  of  Apollo  is  famous  as  the  most  beautiful  type 
on  the  coins  of  North  Greece.  The  face,  in  three-quarter 
view,  shows  the  influence  of  Attic  art  of  the  time  of 
Pheidias. 

148^152.  Philip  of  Macedon  was  always  anxious  to 
emphasize  his  Greek  origin  and  tendencies,  and  this 
sentiment  is  reflected  in  his  coinage.  On  his  tetra- 
drachm,  No.  148,  is  the  head  of  the  Zeus  of  Olympia : 
Philip  had  won  races  with  horses  at  the  Olympic  games. 
On  his  gold  staters,  Nos.  150,  151  (PI.  II),  is  the  head  of 
Apollo  of  Delphi :  Philip  presided  over  the  Pythian  games 
at  Delphi  in  346  b.  c.  The  victorious  chariot  on  the  re- 
verse of  the  gold  stater,  No.  152,  also  refers  to  some 
success  at  the  games.  The  gold  stater,  No.  151  (PI.  II), 
is  exceptionally  perfect :  the  beautiful  head  of  Apollo 
resembles  that  on  the  silver  tetradrachm  of  the  Chalkid- 
ian  league,  No.  132  (PI.  II). 

The  standards  according  to  which  Greek  silver  coins 


26  GREECE. 


were  struck  depended,  in  great  measure  at  all  events,  on 
the  relative  value  of  silver  and  gold.  In  Philip's  time 
gold  was  cheap :  the  gold  mines  near  Amphipolis  were 
in  his  possession,  and  Persian  gold  coins  (darics)  were 
plentiful  in  Greece,  while  gold  was  being  produced  from 
mines  in  Thrace.  It  is  probable  therefore  that  gold 
was  only  ten  times  more  valuable  than  silver,  and  that 
Philip's  coins  were  minted  on  this  basis.  Philip's  gold 
staters,  Nos.  150-152,  were  each  equivalent  to  six  of  his 
silver  tetradrachms,  No.  148. 

The  gold  coinage  of  Philip  proved  popular.  His  staters 
were  known  as  Philips,  while  later  his  son's  staters  were 
called  Alexanders ;  in  the  same  way  that  in  later  days 
people  have  spoken  of  the  jacobus ,<  carolus,  louis  a" or,  and 
napoleon.  These  "  Philips  "  continued  to  be  struck  after 
his  death,  and  the  type  was  carried  by  the  Gauls  to  the 
West,  where  a  barbarous  imitation  of  it  was  used  for 
the  earliest  coins  of  Britain.  In  Greece,  his  gold  must 
have  proved  a  formidable  rival  to  the  electrum  staters  of 
Kyzikos  and  the  Persian  darics. 

153-164.  Alexander  the  Great,  reigned  336-323 
b.  c. 

Alexander's  coin  system  was  introduced  after  he  had 
started  on  his  expedition  to  the  East  in  334  b.  c,  and  the 
types  refer  to  the  Pan-hellenic  nature  of  his  undertaking. 
On  leaving  Europe  and  on  landing  in  Asia,  he  sacrificed 
to  Zeus,  Athena,  and  Herakles,  three  supporters  of  the 
Greeks  in  the  Trojan  war ;  and  these  three  appear  on  his 
coins.  Herakles  was  also  the  mythic  ancestor  of  the 
Macedonian  monarchs  ;  his  head  occurs  on  earlier  coins 
of  the  dynasty,  and  an  additional  reason  therefore  existed 
for  his  choice.  The  silver  coins  bear  a  head  of  Herakles 
on  the  obverse,  No.  156,  and  a  seated  Zeus  with  his 
eagle  on  the  reverse,  No.  157  (cf.  PI.  II,  159)  :  the  gold 
staters,  "  Alexanders,"  have  a  head  of  Athena  on  the 
obverse,  No.  154,  and  a  Nike  on  the  reverse,  No.  155,  in 
token  of  victory.  Alexander's  family  claimed  descent 
from  Herakles,  while  Alexander  was  fond  of  appearing 
dressed  as  the  demi-god  himself :  it  is  therefore  possible 


MACEDON  AND   THRACE.  2f 

that  the  head  of  Herakles  on  the  silver  coins  was  intended 
to  suggest  the  features  of  the  monarch  ;  in  which  case  it 
would  be  the  earliest  regal  portrait  on  a  true  Greek  coin. 
Compare  for  the  likeness  the  copy  of  the  so-called  "  Alex- 
ander "  sarcophagus  in  the  Museum,  where  Alexander  is 
shown  in  the  battle  scene  wearing  a  lion-skin.  After  his 
death,  portrait  coins  are  common. 

Alexander  maintained  the  bimetallic  ratio  of  ten  to  one 
between  gold  and  silver  adopted  by  his  father  Philip. 
Five  of  his  tetradrachms  were  equivalent  to  a  gold  stater.1 

Alexander's  coins  are  found  in  great  numbers  struck  at 
various  mints  in  his  kingdom,  from  Greece  in  the  West  to 
India  in  the  East.  Their  issue  continued  long  after  his 
death.  The  tetradrachm,  No.  159  (PI.  II),  was  certainly 
not  struck  in  his  lifetime.  The  title  King  appears  on  these 
coins  for  the  first  time  ;  it  was  not  employed,  it  is  thought, 
on  the  coins  struck  during  Alexander's  lifetime.  The 
smaller  varieties,  Nos.  160-164,  except  the  drachma,  No. 
161,  are  rare.  The  gold  double-stater,  No.  153,  is  a  rare 
coin  also,  and  the  example  shown  is  exceptionally  well 
preserved. 

167-171.  Demetrios  Poliorketes. 

We  see  the  head  of  Demetrios  "  the  besieger  "  on  the 
obverse,  and  a  statue  of  Poseidon  on  the  reverse,  No.  170 
{cf.  PI.  Ill,  169).  Demetrios  was  famous  for  his  beauty, 
which  was  too  subtle  for  reproduction  by  sculptor  or 
painter.  He  was  brave,  prodigal,  chivalrous,  a  knight 
errant  and  inventor,  combining  in  his  nature  the  man  of 
action  with  the  man  of  pleasure,  resembling  in  this  respect 
Dionysos  chiefly  of  all  the  gods.  He  is  here  represented 
as  Dionysos,  the  bull's  horn  in  his  hair  being  an  attribute 
of  that  divinity.  The  reverse  type,  No.  170,  reproduces 
a  statue  of  Poseidon,  god  of  the  sea,  resting  his  foot  on  a 
rock,  —  possibly  the  Poseidon  Isthmios,  a  work  of  Lysip- 
pos,  erected  at  Corinth ;  and  the  choice  shows  that  Deme- 
trios was  proud  of  his  success  as  an  admiral.  He  won  for 
his  father  Antigonos  a  great  sea-fight  against  Ptolemy  the 

1  The  gold  stater  was  equal  to  six  of  Philip's  tetradrachms.  Alex- 
ander's tetradrachms  contained  more  silver  than  those  of  his  father. 


28  GREECE. 


Great,  306  b.  c.  The  battle  is  commemorated  also  in  the 
famous  Nike  of  Samothrake  in  the  Louvre  (cast  No.  759, 
in  the  Museum  at  head  of  staircase). 

172-173.  Antigonos  Gonatas  (Son  of  Demetrios). 

172.  Head  of  Poseidon  bound  with  a  wreath  of  sea- 
weed, —  the  face  is  that  of  a  benevolent  old  man  j  his  hair 
seems  matted  with  salt  water.  The  type  probably  refers 
to  a  naval  victory  of  Antigonos. 

173.  Head  of  Pan,  with  goat's  horns,  in  the  centre  of  a 
Macedonian  shield  (called  Macedonian  from  its  use  in  the 
famous  Macedonian  phalanx :  it  was  light  and  small). 
Antigonos  defeated  the  Gauls  in  277  b.  c.  at  Lysimachia. 
Probably  this  coin,  referring  to  the  victory,  recalls  the  panic 
(to  7raviKoV)  with  which  the  enemy  was  seized.  The  God 
Pan  had  similarly  assisted  the  Greeks  at  Marathon. 

174-175.  Philip  V. 

174.  Head  of  Perseus  wearing  a  winged  helmet  ending 
in  an  eagle's  head,  —  the  helmet  of  Hades,  given  him  by 
the  nymphs  to  render  him  invisible.  Behind  him  is  the 
harpa  or  sword  with  which  he  beheaded  the  Medusa. 
Philip's  son  was  named  Perseus,  and  probably,  it  is  his 
head  that  is  here  represented  in  the  guise  of  his  mythical 
namesake,  and  not  his  father's. 

175.  Philip  V,  portrait. 

Philip  began  life  with  every  promise  —  once  he  was  "  the 
darling  of  all  Greece,"  possessed  of  a  quick  understanding, 
retentive  memory,  winning  grace  of  manner,  royal  dignity, 
authority,  besides  exhibiting  ability  and  courage  as  a  gen- 
eral. He  ended  life,  however,  as  a  gloomy  and  suspicious 
tyrant.  He  abandoned  his  enmity  towards  Rome  after  his 
defeat  by  Flamininus  at  Kynoskephalae,  and  became  her 
unwilling  ally. 

176.  Perseus,  son  and  successor  of  Philip  V. 

Miserliness  and  passion  for  intrigue  were  the  chief 
characteristics  of  this  monarch.   On  occasions  of  difficulty, 


MACEDON  AND    THRACE.  29 

he  was  despondent  and  pusillanimous.  He  was  defeated 
at  Pydna  by  Aemilius  Paulus,  taken  prisoner  to  Rome,  and 
led  in  his  conqueror's  triumph.  With  him  the  Macedonian 
kingdom  came  to  an  end. 

Perseus  was  defeated  in  168  B.  c,  and  the  right  of  coin- 
age, which  was  at  first  conceded  to  the  Macedonians,  — 
they  issued,  for  instance,  No.  177  (head  of  Artemis  on  the 
M  acedonian  shield), —  was  finally  exercised  by  the  Romans, 
Nos.  180  and  181,  where  we  see  a  Roman  reminiscence  of 
No.  206,  and  realize  the  complete  decadence  of  the  coin- 
engraving  art. 

182-185.  Aenos,  a  town  on  the  south  coast  of  Thrace. 

On  the  obverse  is  a  head  of  Hermes  in  a  tightly  fitting 
felt  or  leather  cap.  It  will  be  noticed  that  on  No.  182  (PI. 
Ill)  the  hair  is  worn  long  and  plaited :  this  fashion  was 
abandoned  in  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  century ;  the 
hair  is  shorter  on  No.  185  (PI.  III).  Hermes  may  appear 
on  the  coins  of  Aenos  in  his  aspect  as  patron  of  trade. 

183.  Reverse :  — Goat  (cf.  PI.  Ill,  182),  a  symbol  pro- 
bably of  local  importance. 

The  broad  and  fine  style  of  these  coins  is  remarkable. 
The  full  face,  No.  185,  is  among  the  most  successful  of 
Greek  coins  in  high  relief.  The  designs  are  wonderfully 
adapted  to  the  space  of  the  coins,  while  the  simplicity  that 
marks  the  subject  of  the  earlier  type  is  expressed  also  in 
the  style.  The  coin  possesses  all  the  charm  attaching  to 
a  work  of  art  on  the  border  line  between  immaturity  and 
development. 

194-199.  Thasos. 

The  progress  of  coin-engraving  may  be  well  observed  in 
the  coins  of  Thasos,  the  capital  of  the  large  island  of  the 
same  name  off  the  coast  of  Thrace.  The  wealth  of  the 
Greek  settlers  was  due  partly  to  the  rich  mines  there  and 
on  the  neighboring  mainland,  and  to  a  trade  in  the  famous 
Thasian  wine.  Both  sources  of  wealth  affected  the  coins, 
for  they  are  numerous,  in  accordance  with  the  wealth  of 
the  city,  and  in  addition  bear  types  relating  to  the  worship 


3<D  GREECE. 


of  Dionysos,  the  god  of  wine.  On  No.  194  is  seen  an 
archaic  representation  of  a  satyr  carrying  off  a  nymph,  the 
coin  dating  from  the  sixth  century ;  and  the  subject  is  re- 
peated on  Nos.  195  and  196,  but  here  in  the  free  style  of 
the  middle  of  the  fifth  century.  These  two  coins  were 
struck  when  Thasos  was  subject  to  Athens,  between  its 
capture  by  Kimon  in  463  b.  c,  and  its  revolt  in  411  b.  c, 
and  were  influenced  by  Attic  art.  The  way  in  which  the 
perfectly  free  design  is  adapted  to  the  circular  space  is 
very  skilful.  The  later  coins,  Nos.  197  and  198,  date  not 
far  from  the  end  of  the  fifth  century.  On  one  side  is  the 
head  of  Dionysos,  and  on  the  other  Herakles  shooting : 
the  treatment  is  of  the  broadest  and  most  powerful  style, 
more  easily  appreciated  in  the  larger  varieties  of  the  coin, 
which  are  not  represented  in  this  collection.  These  are 
small  examples  of  the  Greek  coining  art  at  its  most  de- 
veloped point.  It  has  been  said  of  the  ivy  wreath  on  the 
head  of  Dionysos,  No.  198,  that  so  naturally  is  it  treated 
it  seems  to  be  growing.1  The  remaining  coin,  No.  199, 
shows  the  decline.  It  was  struck  in  the  second  century 
b.  c,  when  Thasos  had  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Romans.     The  head  is  a  late  type  of  Dionysos. 

204-212.  Lysimachos,  King  of  Thrace. 

In  the  partition  of  Alexander's  empire  on  his  death  in 
323  b.  c,  Thrace  was  allotted  to  his  general  Lysimachos. 
Lysimachos  placed  on  his  coins  the  head  of  Alexander 
the  Great,  his  former  chief,  the  culminating  point  of 
Greek  civilization  in  achievement,  character,  and  person. 
Alexander,  on  visiting  the  temple  of  Ammon  in  Egypt, 
had  been  accepted  by  the  oracle  as  a  son  of  the  god. 
The  coins,  Nos.  206-210  (PI.  Ill,  207),  represent  him  with 
the  attributes  of  divinity,  the  ram's  horn  being  the  symbol 
of  the  Libyan  god.  The  coin  portrait  of  him  is  the  most 
authentic  and  beautiful  that  we  possess.  He  was  but 
thirty-two  years  of  age  when  he  died,  though  the  coin 
shows  him  as  somewhat  younger.  The  reverse,  No.  205  icf. 
PI.  Ill,  207),  shows  a  seated  Athena  holding  a  Nike  who 
crowns  the  sovereign's  name.  This  type  may  be  recog- 
nized in  the  Britannia  on  English  pennies. 
1  Ruskin. 


MAINLAND  OF  GREECE.  3 1 


MAINLAND   OF  GREECE. 

Larissa  and  Melitaea. 

The  fertile  plains  of  Thessaly  were  good  for  rearing 
cattle  and  horses.  It  was  at  Pherae  that  Apollo  tended 
the  flocks  of  Admetos.  Thessalian  horsemen  were  the 
best  in  all  Greece,  and  Thessalian  youths  were  famous  for 
taming  bulls  and  horses.  These  animals  are  seen  repre- 
sented on  the  coins  of  Larissa  and  Melitaea.  The  di- 
drachm  of  Melitaea,  No.  223  (PI.  Ill),  shows  a  bull  graz- 
ing. The  animal  is  treated  simply,  but  with  wonderful 
vitality.  This  is  the  only  example  of  the  coin  known  to 
exist.  The  Thessalian  game  of  bull-catching  (ravpoKa- 
Odif/La)  is  illustrated  on  Nos.  215  (PI.  Ill)  and  217;  a 
youth  is  seen  engaged  in  throwing  a  bull  to  the  ground  by 
catching  his  horns  and  entangling  his  legs.  Horses  are 
seen  on  many  coins,  for  instance,  No.  216  ;  No.  219,  horse 
feeding ;  and  No.  220,  mare  and  foal.  These  designs  are 
marked  by  truth  to  nature,  variety,  and  great  skill  in  the 
artist's  treatment  of  subjects  in  relief. 

218,  221.  The  head  of  the  nymph  Larissa  on  the  ob- 
verse of  these  coins  is  derived  from  the  Arethusa  head  by 
Kimon,  No.  68. 

214.  Kierion. 

Kierion  had  once  been  called  Arne  after  a  nymph  of 
that  name.  She  is  here  seen  playing  at  knuckle-bones. 
Scenes  suggested  by  daily  life  occur  but  seldom  on  Greek 
coins.  A  better  representation  of  this  subject  is  to  be 
seen  on  a  beautiful  gold  ring  of  about  the  same  date  in 
the  Museum  collection. 

227.  Pharsalos  (PI.  III). 

Pharsalos,  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  Thessaly, 
was  the  scene  of  the  great  victory  of  Caesar  over  Pompey. 
In  the  fifth  century  it  was  an  ally  of  Athens,  and  the  head 
of  Athena  on  its  beautiful  coinage  seems  to  be  influenced 


32  GREECE. 

by  Attic  art.  The  type  recalls  the  Athena  head  on  the 
coinage  of  Thurii,  while  the  winged  griffins  on  the  helmet 
are  doubtless  derived  from  the  somewhat  similar  winged 
horses  that  adorned  the  helmet  of  the  Pheidian  statue  of 
the  Parthenon. 

229,  230.  Pherae. 

Jason,  tyrant  of  Pherae  (d.  370  b.  a),  had  united  all 
Thessaly  under  his  sway,  but  no  coins  are  known  to  have 
been  issued  by  him.  His  famous  successor,  Alexander  of 
Pherae,  is  represented  by  a  magnificent  didrachm,  No. 
230  (PI.  III.).  Alexander's  reign  lasted  only  from  369  to 
357  b.  c,  and  the  coin  is  dated  therefore  within  a  few 
years.  This  rare  coin  represents  the  myrtle-crowned 
head  of  Artemis,  worshipped  at  Pherae  as  Hekate,  the 
moon  goddess,  with  rites  connecting  her  with  witchcraft 
and  magic.  Her  symbol,  the  torch,  may  be  seen  in  the 
background.  The  head  is  in  high  relief,  and  is  remark- 
able alike  for  grandeur  of  the  design  and  perfection  of 
execution.  It  counts  among  the  first  of  Greek  coins,  and 
must  be  the  work  of  a  considerable  artist. 

The  earlier  coin  of  Pherae,  No.  229,  also  shows  the 
Thessalian  horse,  while  behind  is  seen  a  stream  of  water 
gushing  from  a  lion's  head,  in  a  manner  similar  to  the 
fountain  at  Himera,  Nos.  40,  41.  This  is  the  famous 
fountain  of  Hypereia  that  sprang  from  the  rocks  close  to 
Pherae. 

231.  Alexander,  King  of  Epeiros,  342-330  b.  c. 

This  monarch  owed  his  throne  to  Philip  of  Macedon. 
Philip  married  Alexander's  sister ;  and  it  was  at  the  mar- 
riage between  Philip's  daughter  Cleopatra  and  Alexander 
that  Philip  was  murdered,  in  335  b.  c.  In  the  following 
year  Alexander  made  an  expedition  to  Italy  to  help  the 
Tarentines  against  the  Lucanians  and  Bruttians.  His 
nephew,  Alexander  the  Great,  started  on  his  famous  ex- 
pedition to  the  East  in  the  same  year.  Neither  monarch 
returned  to  his  kingdom.  Alexander  was  killed  at  Pan- 
dosia  in  330  b.  c.  at  the  age  of  thirty-two,  while  his  name- 
sake died  at  Babylon  in  323  b.  c.     The  head  on  his  coin 


MAINLAND  OF  GREECE.  33 

is  that  of  Zeus  of  Dodona  in  Epeiros,  where  was  the 
famous  oracle  of  the  god.  The  wreath  is  of  oak  leaves, 
for  the  oak  was  sacred  to  him.  The  style  resembles  that 
of  the  Zeus  head  on  the  contemporary  gold  coin  of  Syra- 
cuse, No.  73,  and  may  be  derived  from  this  type.  This 
rare  and  fine  coin  of  Alexander  was  probably  struck  in 
Epeiros,  though  possibly  it  was  issued  by  him  in  Italy. 

232.  Epeirote  Republic. 

The  successors  of  Alexander  reigned  until  238  B.  c, 
when  some  form  of  republican  government  was  established 
in  Epeiros  that  lasted  until  the  defeat  of  Perseus  of  Mace- 
don  by  Rome.  The  coins  still  bear  the  head  of  Zeus  of 
Dodona,  but  beside  it  is  seen  the  head  of  Dione.  They 
were  worshipped  in  association  at  Dodona,  where  Dione 
was  regarded  as  the  wife  of  Zeus,  and  mother  by  him 
of  Aphrodite.  She  is  represented  here  wearing  a  laurel 
wreath,  a  crown,  and  a  veil.  The  representation  of  hus- 
band and  wife  together  in  this  manner  was  employed 
about  this  time  also  on  Ptolemaic  coins  in  Egypt.  In  a 
similar  manner,  at  a  still  later  date,  the  heads  of  the  twin 
brothers  Castor  and  Pollux  are  shown  together  on  the 
coin  of  Tripolis  in  Phoenicia,  No.  560. 

241-246.  Opus  in  Locris. 

Nos.  243  and  245  are  of  the  finest  style.  The  obverse, 
No.  241  {cf.  PI.  Ill,  243),  is  derived  from  No.  85  (PI.  II) 
and  represents  Persephone.  The  reverse,  No.  243  (PI. 
Ill),  shows  the  Locrian  hero  Ajax,  the  son  of  Oileus, 
charging  with  his  sword ;  his  spear  lies  on  the  ground. 
The  representation  of  a  winged  griffin  may  be  noticed 
within  the  shield.  It  is  probable  that  the  Greeks  deco- 
rated their  shields  in  this  manner  in  actual  life,  executing 
the  designs  by  means  of  painting  or  weaving.  A  figure 
very  similar  to  the  Ajax  is  seen  on  a  relief  from  the  Mau- 
soleum.    (Cast  No.  509.) 

No.  242  is  an  ancient  forgery.  Another  instance  is  No. 
222.     These  coins  are  of  copper,  plated  with  silver.     I  mi- 


34  GREECE. 


tations  of  gold  and  silver  coins  were  freely  circulated  in 
ancient  Greece.  They  were  issued  chiefly  by  the  respon- 
sible officials  themselves,  and  not  by  coiners.  Often  they 
were  well  made  and  difficult  to  detect.  Coins  that  were 
suspected  were  occasionally  cut,  e.  g.  No.  123,  as  a  test  of 
genuineness. 

251,  252.  Delphi  (PI.  III). 

These  coins  were  issued  by  the  Amphictyonic  League, 
and  are  among  the  rarest  and  most  prized  of  all  Greek 
coins.  On  one  side,  No.  251,  is  seen  the  head  of  Demeter 
of  Anthela,  veiled  and  crowned  with  barley.  Compare 
the  marble  head  of  the  Demeter  of  Knidos  (Cast  No.  145). 
On  the  reverse,  No.  252,  is  the  Pythian  Apollo  at  Delphi, 
his  lyre  at  his  side,  seated  on  the  omphalos  or  centre  of 
the  world.  The  tripod  in  the  background  is  his  symbol, 
and  indicates  his  shrine. 

For  ten  years  the  Phocians  had  dispossessed  the  Am- 
phictyonic League,  holding  Delphi  and  coining  money 
there  :  No.  250,  with  the  head  of  Apollo,  is  one  of  the  coins 
thus  issued  by  them. 

These  larger  coins  were  probably  issued  b.  c.  346,  when 
Philip  of  Macedon  defeated  the  Phocians  in  the  Sacred 
War  and  reestablished  the  Amphictyonic  League.  Their 
variety  suggests  that  they  were  struck  on  this  occasion 
alone.  Perhaps  the  colossal  statue  of  Apollo,  erected  at 
Delphi  with  the  money  penalty  exacted  from  the  Phocians 
at  this  time,  is  reproduced  on  the  reverse. 

253-269.  Boeotia. 

From  the  earliest  times,  the  towns  of  Boeotia  produced 
a  federal  coinage  with  the  Boeotian  shield,  No.  253,  on 
the  obverse  as  the  common  symbol.  Each  town  put  a 
distinct  mark  on  the  reverse ;  for  instance,  Mykalessos,  a 
thunderbolt,  No.  254;  Orchomenos,  a  vase,  No.  257. 

The  three  staters  of  Thebes,  Nos.  263-265,  illustrate 
events  in  the  life  of  Herakles.  The  hero  was  born  at 
Thebes,  and  was  held  in  particular  honor  there.  On  No. 
263  and  No.  265  (PI.  IV)  he  is  represented  stringing  his 
bow ;  bending  or  seated,  he  holds  it  between  his  legs  for 


MAINLAND   OF  GREECE.  35 

this  purpose.  On  No.  264  he  is  shown  carrying  off  the 
Delphic  tripod  of  Apollo.  Herakles  had  slain  his  own 
children  in  a  fit  of  madness,  and  applied  to  the  oracle  at 
Delphi  to  learn  how  he  should  expiate  his  offence.  He 
was  at  first  refused  a  reply,  and  in  his  anger  carried  off 
the  tripod  of  the  god.  He  is  here  shown  holding  the 
tripod  aloft  and  raising  his  club  to  strike  the  god.  These 
three  coins  date  from  before  the  time  of  Pheidias,  and 
their  style  is  not  yet  free.  They  are  remarkable  for  the 
care  of  the  design  and  accuracy  of  the  modelling,  the 
animation  and  vigor  of  the  work,  and  the  inimitable  truth 
to  nature  that  they  exhibit.  They  are  three  typical  ex- 
amples of  Greek  appreciation  of  life  at  this  time,  and  are 
among  the  most  beautiful  of  all  Greek  coins. 

276,  277.  Histiaea,  lying  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Euboea. 

It  was  famous  for  its  grapes  from  the  earliest  times,  and 
was  always  a  city  of  importance.  Its  wealth  is  attested 
by  the  number  of  its  coins,  which  are  usually  small.  The 
coins  shown  are  beautiful  examples  of  common  types.  On 
the  earlier  coin,  No.  276,  is  seen  a  bull,  the  constant  em- 
blem of  Euboean  coins,  cf.  No.  275,  while  the  grapevine  of 
Histiaea  is  in  the  background.  On  the  later  coin,  No.  277, 
the  nymph  Histiaea  is  seen  seated  on  the  stern  of  a  ship 
grasping  with  one  hand  a  mast  for  supporting  a  trophy. 
The  composition  of  the  coin,  the  rendering  of  the  body  of 
the  nymph,  and  the  gem-like  fineness  of  her  garment  are  all 
admirable.  The  type  may  refer  to  some  naval  victory, 
but  the  occasion  is  quite  unknown. 

278-320.  Athens.  An  era  is  marked  in  the  history 
of  coinage  bythe  appearance  of  money  at  Athens.  Now 
for  the  first  time  an  inscription  consisting  of  the  initial 
letters  of  the  people's  name  A0E  appeared  on  the  reverse 
in  order  to  indicate  the  origin  of  the  coin.1  This  invention 
was  adopted   henceforth  universally.     Besides   this,   the 

1  Not  to  mention  exceptional  inscriptions  in  other  states,  the  single 
initial  at  Corinth  may  claim  priority  by  a  few  years.  The  Athenian 
inscription  was  far  more  conspicuous  than  the  Corinthian. 


36  GREECE. 


oldest  Athenian  coins  present  for  the  first  time  the  com- 
bination of  a  human  head  on  the  obverse  of  a  coin  with 
an  emblem  on  the  reverse.  Elsewhere  only  animals  or 
inanimate  objects  had  been  chosen  as  the  main  types, 
while  as  a  rule  the  incuse  patterns  on  the  reverse  sides 
had  remained  undecorated.  This  earliest  attempt  was 
simple  and  grotesque  ;  yet,  owing  to  certain  influences,  all 
succeeding  Athenian  coins  were  affected  by  this  primitive 
beginning.  It  thus  happens  that  in  beauty  Athenian  coins 
seem  not  to  correspond  with  the  artistic  importance  of 
the  city. 

The  patron  goddess  of  Athens  was  Athena,  and  the 
coin  types  referred  to  her,  and  continued  to  refer  to  her 
throughout  the  history  of  Athenian  coinage,  — that  is,  for 
more  than  seven  hundred  years.  According  to  one  of  the 
most  popular  legends  of  Athens,  Athena  and  Poseidon 
contended  for  supremacy  over  the  city.  The  contest  took 
place  on  the  Akropolis,  the  other  divinities  acting  as 
judges.  Poseidon  struck  his  trident  into  the  rock,  and 
produced  a  salt  spring,  symbolic  of  the  power  of  Athens 
on  the  sea.  Athena,  striking  her  spear  into  the  ground, 
produced  an  olive  tree,  the  emblem  of  one  of  the  most 
valuable  products  of  the  soil  of  Attica.  Then  the  gods 
awarded  the  victory  to  her,  and  hence  not  only  was  the 
head  of  Athena  adopted  as  the  principal  type  of  the  coins 
of  the  city,  but  there  was  always  the  reminder  of  t^iis  con- 
test in  the  little  sprig  of  the  sacred  olive  tree  that  appears 
in  one  corner  of  the  reverse.  The  head  is  represented  in 
a  crested  Athenian  helmet,  No.  279.  On  the  other  side, 
No.  280,  appears  the  owl,  the  earliest  of  all  Athena's 
symbols.  The  coins  were  nicknamed  "  maidens  "  from 
the  head  of  the  virgin  goddess  (irapOevos),  or  "  owls  "  from 
the  reverse  type,  just  as  the  Aeginetic  styters  Nos.  324, 
325,  were  called  "tortoises,"  and  the  Corinthian  staters 
Nos.  329,  334,  "  colts,"  from  the  representations  they 
bore. 

Great  differences  of  opinion  exist  about  the  dating  of 
Athenian  coins.  References  to  them  in  ancient  literature 
are  indefinite  and  contradictory,  while  the  maintenance 
of  an  unchanging  type  has  made  it  difficult  to  apply  the 


MAINLAND  OF  GREECE.  37 

test  of  style.  Every  date,  therefore,  must  be  considered  at 
best  only  approximate.  It  seems  probable  that  the  earli- 
est Athenian  coins  here  exhibited  were  struck  in  the  time 
of  Solon,  Arc/ion  594-593  b.  c.  Such  would  be  Nos.  278, 
279.  They  are  rude  in  conception  and  the  work  is  rough  ; 
but  by  degrees  they  grow  finer,  always  retaining  their 
archaic  style,  and  eventually  are  of  great  excellence, 
Nos.  285  (PI.  IV),  287.  These  two  coins  bring  us  down 
to  the  time  after  Peisistratos,  when  we  know  that  Hippias 
(527-510  b.  c.)  introduced  some  changes  in  the  coinage. 

After  the  victories  of  Salamis  and  Plataea  (480-479 
B.  a),  Athens  under  Themistokles  was  foremost  in  culture, 
trade,  fashion,  and  wealth  j  politically  and  socially  the 
chief  position  in  the  world  was  assured  to  her.  Great 
changes  in  her  art  accompanied  these  events,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  series  of  coins,  Nos.  293-311  (PI.  IV, 
299),  was  begun  now.  The  intention  seems  to  have  been 
to  keep  sight  of  the  earlier  type  as  much  as  possible, 
simplifying  it  if  anything  conformably  to  a  spirit  of  op- 
position to  Eastern  elaboration  ;  thus,  for  instance,  the 
hair  is  no  longer  treated  in  curls,  but  is  parted  simply  and 
crosses  the  forehead  in  wavy  lines.1  The  olive  leaves 
appearing  on  the  helmet  represent  a  crown  of  victory,  and 
betoken  the  late  Athenian  successes.2  The  type  is  severe, 
and  still  shows  the  eye  in  full  front,  with  the  head  in 
profile,  and  the  mouth  shows  the  "  archaic  smile."  This 
type,  once  created,  was  preserved  unchanged  through  the 
age  of  Perikles  down  to  the  close  of  the  fifth  century,  and 
perhaps  later  ;  even  the  strange  clumsiness  was  not  aban- 
doned, by  which  was  employed  a  head  larger  than  the 
size  of  the  coin  would  accommodate  {cf.  Nos.  279  and 
297).  This  conventionality  of  treatment  was  due  partly  to 
religious  scruples  and  the  desire  to  preserve  the  record  of 
the  victory  over  the  Persians,  maybe,  but  more  especially 

1  A  similar  change  appears  in  marbles  and  vases  of  this  date. 
Compare  the  "  Mourning  Athena,"  cast  No.  87,  and  the  heads  of 
Athena  and  Eos  on  the  large  red-figured  krater  in  the  Museum  repre- 
senting scenes  from  the  Trojan  war. 

2  Henceforth,  too,  a  small  crescent  accompanies  the  owl  on  the 
reverse.     It  may  be  seen  behind  the  owl  on  PI.  IV,  299. 


38  GREECE. 


to  the  fact  that  the  Athenian  coinage  was  the  staple  silver 
currency  employed  in  the  trade  of  the  Aegean  and  Asia 
Minor,  and  it  was  feared  this  advantage  might  be  lost, 
were  the  well-known  types  or  styles  of  the  coinage  changed. 

The  beauty  of  Athenian  coins  is  not  generally  recog- 
nized, but  it  will  be  seen  that  in  coins  such  as  Nos.  299 
(PI.  IV)  and  295,  the  artists,  in  spite  of  the  conditions 
imposed  upon  them,  produced  heads  unequalled  for  soft- 
ness, delicacy  of  sentiment,  and  breadth  of  treatment  in 
the  whole  series  of  Greek  coins. 

The  smaller  coins  are  also  interesting.  The  archaic 
drachms,  Nos.  288,  289,  and  the  later  didrachms,  Nos. 
302,  303,  are  rarely  found.  The  obol,  Nos.  290,  309,  etc., 
was  the  coin  that  was  placed  in  the  mouths  of  the  dead  to 
pay  their  fare  across  the  Styx.1 

The  later  coins  of  Athens  are  feeble  and  untidy  in 
style,  such  are  Nos.  312,  313  ;  the  series  began  before 
the  middle  of  the  fourth  century.  The  mint,  having  to  coin 
vast  amounts  of  money  for  the  commercial  and  military 
needs  of  the  state,  seems  to  have  paid  less  attention  to  the 
beauty  of  the  work  than  had  formerly  been  the  case.  It 
produced  a  wretched  imitation  of  the  earlier  coins,  in- 
ferior in  every  way,  except  that  the  eye  was  represented 
in  profile.  That  such  coins  should  have  been  struck  at 
Athens  at  a  time  when  elsewhere  the  finest  work  was 
being  created  is  indeed  a  remarkable  fact. 

The  gold  coin,  No.  317,  of  this  style  is  rare.  Gold  was 
coined  at  Athens  only  in  moments  of  great  necessity,  and 
this  coin  dates  probably  either  from  the  time  of  Chaero- 
neia  in  339-8  b.  c,  when  Athens  at  the  instance  of  Demos- 
thenes was  preparing  to  resist  Philip  of  Macedon,  or  from 
295  b.  c,  when  withstanding  the  siege  of  Demetrios  Poli- 
orketes.  It  is  probable  that  a  portion  at  least  of  the 
golden  treasure  of  the  Parthenon  was  melted  down  and 
converted  into  coin  on  these  two  occasions. 

No.  319  is  a  specimen  of  the  series  of  coins,  begun  in 

1  A  custom  preserved  even  into  Christian  times.  A  survival  of  it 
exists  at  the  present  time  in  the  island  of  Lesbos,  where  a  small  terra- 
cotta cross  is  placed  on  the  lips  of  the  deceased,  the  moment  before 
the  body  is  lowered  into  the  grave. 


MAINLAND   OF  GREECE.  39 

220  b.  c,  that  Listed  till  the  capture  of  Athens  in  86  b.  c. 
The  type  chosen  for  the  head  of  Athena  is  interesting  as 
being  that  of  the  famous  statue  of  the  goddess  made  by 
Pheidias  for  her  temple  on  the  Akropolis. 

The  purchasing  value  of  some  of  these  coins  at  Athens 
at  the  close  of  the  fifth  century  is  as  follows  :  an  ox  cost 
over  50  drachms,  No.  305,  or  two  gold  staters,  No.  317. 
Aristophanes,  414  b.  c,  tells  us  that  sparrows  sold  seven 
for  the  obol.  While  the  Parthenon  was  building,  artisans 
received  a  drachm  a  day,  and  ordinary  laborers  were  paid 
about  three  obols,  No.  309,  —  that  is,  half  a  drachm.  The 
cost  of  living  was  proportionately  low  at  the  time,  though 
it  rose  considerably  in  the  next  hundred  years. 

322-328.  Aegina,  an  island  in  the  Saronic  Gulf  be- 
tween Attica  and  Argolis. 

The  earliest  coins  of  Aegina  were  struck  in  the  first  half 
of  the  seventh  century.  There  exists  distinct  authority  1 
for  saying  that  Pheidon,  king  of  Argos,  was  the  first  to 
strike  them.  The  coins  of  Aegina,  it  is  true,  were  among 
the  earliest  silver  coins  to  appear  anywhere,  —  certainly 
the  first  in  European  Greece ;  nevertheless  the  probable 
date  of  Pheidon  in  the  eighth  century  excludes  the  possi- 
bility, according  to  the  present  extent  of  knowledge,  that 
he  established  a  mint  at  any  place.  It  is  possible  that 
Aeginetan  coins  were  struck  according  to  a  ratio  between 
silver  and  gold  introduced  by  Pheidon,  but  otherwise  it 
seems  difficult  to  connect  him  with  the  matter  at  all. 

Aeginetan  coins  must  have  circulated  as  the  chief  cur- 
rency in  the  Peloponnesos  as  late  as  the  beginning  of  the 
fifth  century,  and  at  Athens  until  Solon  introduced  his 
coinage  in  593  b.  c.  They  were  thus  famous  in  antiquity, 
and  from  their  symbol  received  the  popular  name  of  "  tor- 
toises "  (xsAciWi). 

The  tortoise  represented  on  them  is  of  two  kinds  :  the 
earlier  coins  exhibiting  the  sea-turtle,  with  flappers,  Nos. 
322-324  (PI.  IV,  322);  while  the  later  show  the  land- 
turtle,  with  feet,  Nos.  325  (PI.  IV),  328.     The  meaning  of 

1  The  chief  authorities  are  mentioned  by  Head,  Historia  Numorum, 
P-  331- 


40  GREE  CE. 


the  symbol  is  not  very  clear.  The  tortoise  is  ordinarily 
connected  with  Aphrodite,  but  this  goddess  was  not  par- 
ticularly associated  with  the  island,  and  the  explanation  fails. 
Another  explanation  connects  the  animal  with  a  supposed 
primitive  trade  in  tortoise  shells  for  use  as  drinking  vessels. 
It  is  suggested  that  many  coin  types,  such  as  the  tunny  fish 
at  Kyzikos  (Nos.  413-424),  and  representations  relating  to 
wine  at  Naxos,  were  derived  from  the  fact  that  the  primitive 
units  of  barter  were  a  tunny  fish,  a  measure  of  wine,  or  the 
shell  of  a  tortoise,  as  the  case  might  be  in  these  particular 
localities.    For  the  present  the  question  remains  unsettled. 

The  reverse  of  these  coins,  No.  326  (cf.  PL  IV,  325),  is 
characteristic  of  Aegina.  It  is  probable  that  the  design 
was  arrived  at  accidentally :  it  seems  impossible  to  regard 
it  as  a  representation  of  the  under  side  of  the  tortoise. 

Aegina  struck  few  coins  later  than  the  end  of  the  fifth 
century  b.  c. 

329-347.  Corinth. 

Coins  were  issued  at  Corinth  earlier  than  at  Athens, 
probably  before  the  close  of  the  seventh  century.  The 
trade  of  the  city  was  chiefly  towards  the  west,  as  far  as 
Italy  and  Sicily.  The  types  of  her  coins  related  to  the 
myth  of  Bellerophon.  Bellerophon,  grandson  of  Sisyphos, 
king  of  Corinth,  assisted  by  Athena,  tamed  the  winged 
horse  Pegasos,  offspring  of  the  Gorgon.  This  exploit  was 
performed  near  the  spring  of  Peirene  at  Corinth.  Pegasos 
is  the  obverse  type  on  the  coins,  Nos.  332,  336,  339,  and 
from  him  they  won  the  name  of  "  colts  "  (-rrwXoi)  as  a  popu- 
lar term.  On  the  reverse  is  the  head  of  the  goddess,  Nos. 
335,  338.  Mounted  on  Pegasos,  Bellerophon  slew  the 
Chimaera,  a  monster  composed  of  lion,  goat,  and  dragon, 
—  well  illustrated  on  coins  of  Sikyon,  No.  352.  On  No. 
344,  the  hero  is  seen  on  the  obverse  of  the  coin  slaying 
the  Chimaera,  which  appears  on  the  reverse,  No.  345,  the 
action  being  divided  between  the  two  sides  in  away  that  is 
very  rare  on  Greek  coins.1   On  the  later  coins  are  stamped 

1  Pistrucci's  famous  design  of  St.  George  and  the  dragon  for  the 
British  crown-piece,  since  adopted  for  the  sovereign,  seems  to  have 
been  derived  partly  from  this  coin  and  partly  from  the  Tarentum 
series  with  the  rider  lancing. 


MAINLAND   OF  GREECE.  4 1 

beautiful  heads  of  Aphrodite,  the  great  divinity  of  Corinth, 
Nos.  340,  342,  343.  Beneath  the  Pegasos  is  seen  the 
letter  koppa,  corresponding  to  the  modern  Q,  the  initial 
of  the  Corinthians'  name. 

The  coinage  of  Corinth  was  plentiful,  and  its  types  were 
copied  not  only  in  her  numerous  colonies,  as  for  example 
Leukas,  Nos.  234-236,  but  even  at  Syracuse  long  after  it 
had  become  independent  of  its  mother  city,  No.  70. 

368-391.  Arkadia. 

The  "  tortoises  "  of  Aegina,  No.  322  (PI.  IV),  formed  the 
chief  currency  in  the  Peloponnesos  in  the  sixth  century. 
Peloponnesian  coins  proper  were  struck  at  few  towns  and 
were  of  small  size,  as  was  natural  in  an  uncommercial 
district  where  silver  was  rare,  and  of  these  perhaps  the 
most  interesting  are  the  beautifully  executed  hemidrachms 
struck  in  Arkadia  from  the  end  of  the  sixth  century 
onward.  They  are  plentiful,  and  exhibit  many  varia- 
tions, especially  in  the  treatment  of  the  hair;  see  Nos.  373, 
375,  and  377.  We  learn  from  their  inscriptions  that  they 
must  have  been  struck  for  a  federation  of  Arkadian  towns, 
and  they  present  the  only  evidence  of  its  existence.  On 
one  side  is  seen  Zeus  seated,  on  the  other  the  head  of 
Artemis. 

Pausanias'  victory  over  the  Persians  at  Plataea  in  479  b.  c. 
was  due  chiefly  to  the  efforts  of  his  own  Spartan  troops 
and  those  from  Tegea,  an  Arkadian  town.  Neither  of 
these  towns  had  coins  of  its  own  at  that  date,  but  prob- 
ably they  used  those  of  the  Arkadian  federation.  It  has 
been  suggested,  therefore,  that  the  appearance  of  the  crown 
of  olive  on  the  head  of  Artemis,  No.  374,  commemorates 
the  part  taken  by  these  Peloponnesians  in  the  victory,  just 
as  the  olive  crown  appearing  on  coins  of  Athens  at  the 
same  time  recorded  the  victory  for  the  Athenians.  See 
p.  37.  The  eye,  it  will  be  noticed,  is  rendered  throughout 
as  though  the  head  were  facing  the  spectator,  —  another 
peculiarity  shared  with  Athenian  coins.1     Nos.  379  and 

1  The  incorrect  representation  of  the  eye  in  marble  reliefs  is  found 
in  important  work  —  for  instance,  the  Eleusinian  Relief,  cast  No.  96 
—  as  late  as  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century  B.  c. 


42  GREECE. 


380  are  two  of  the  earliest  among  Greek  coins  presenting 
a  head  in  three-quarter  view,  and  must  date  from  the  end 
of  the  period. 

This  series  of  coins  seems  to  have  lasted  until  the  time 
of  the  battle  of  Mantineia,  418  b.  c,  when  Sparta  estab- 
lished her  supremacy  in  Arkadia.  Between  this  date  and 
371  e.  c.  few  important  coins  were  struck.  In  this  collec- 
tion, the  small  coins  of  Pheneos,  Nos.  384  and  385,  belong 
in  this  interval.  On  one  side  is  presented  a  head  of  Her- 
mes as  a  boy,  with  his  felt  hat  (petasos)  slung  at  the  back 
of  the  head,  and  a  ram,  a  symbol  of  the  god,  on  the  re- 
verse. The  boy's  face  is  beautifully  portrayed.  The  obol 
of  Stymphalos,  No.  388,  is  also  of  this  date.  The  bird's 
head  refers  to  the  legend  of  Herakles  and  the  terrible 
flock  of  Stymphalian  birds  destroyed  by  him  in  the  per- 
formance of  one  of  his  labors. 

The  battle  of  Leuktra,  371  b.  c,  was  followed  by  the 
restoration  of  Arkadian  independence.  A  second  federal 
coinage  was  now  struck  at  the  new  capital,  Megalopolis, 
bearing  on  the  obverse  the  head  of  Zeus,  No.  381,  and 
on  the  reverse  the  Arkadian  god  Pan.  At  the  same 
time,  or  a  little  later,  after  the  second  battle  of  Mantineia, 
362  b.  c,  many  Arkadian  towns  proceeded  to  issue  coins 
with  local  types,  Pheneos,  Nos.  386  (PI.  IV),  387,  among 
others.  The  head  of  Demeter,  No.  386,  is  derived  from  the 
Persephone  head  on  No.  85.  The  representation  on  the 
reverse,  No.  387,  is  taken  from  an  Arkadian  story.  Arkas 
was  the  ancestor  of  the  Arkadians.  While  he  was  yet  a 
child,  his  mother  Kallisto  was  slain  by  Artemis,  where- 
upon Zeus,  his  father,  handed  him  to  Hermes  to  bear  to  a 
place  of  safety.  Hermes  is  seen  here  with  the  boy  on  his 
arm  fulfilling  his  mission.  The  representation  is  some- 
what similar  to  that  of  the  Hermes  of  Olympia  {cast  No. 
516).  Head's  criticism  of  the  coins  of  the  best  period 
may  truly  be  applied  to  these  coins  :  "  The  types  are 
characterized  by  intensity  of  action,  perfect  symmetry  of 
proportion,  elegance  of  composition,  finish  of  execution, 
and  richness  of  ornamentation." 

Two  other  Arkadian  coins  with  local  representations 
may  be  mentioned,  — Kleitor,  No.  382,  where  the  autonomy 


MAINLAND  OF  GREECE.  43 

of  the  town  is  symbolized  by  the  horse  running  free,  in 
Greece  a  constant  emblem  of  liberty;  and  Nos.  390,  391, 
Thelpusa,  with  an  interesting  Arkadian  legend.  Demeter, 
whose  head  is  on  the  obverse  of  the  coin  No.  390,  was  be- 
loved by  Poseidon,  and  to  escape  him  changed  herself  into 
a  mare.  The  god  thereupon  outwitted  her  by  becoming 
in  turn  a  horse,  and  begot  the  wonderful  horse  Arion. 
This  horse  is  shown  on  No.  391,  and  the  inscription  above 
is  his  name. 


GREEK   ISLANDS. 

395.  Iulis,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Keos. 

The  head  is  that  of  Aristaios,  an  interesting  divinity 
worshipped  in  Keos  as  a  form  of  Zeus.  Aristaios  had  been 
educated  by  the  Muses,  and  from  them  had  learned  butter- 
making,  bee-keeping,  and  the  culture  of  olives.  He  knew 
many  other  useful  arts  as  well,  and  had  been  particularly 
kind  to  Keos.  He  had  been  called  there  on  account  of  the 
pest  due  to  the  heat  of  Sirius  trie  dog-star,  and  had  miti- 
gated this  by  inventing  the  trade-winds.  The  reverse  of 
this  coin  shows  a  bee ;  on  other  varieties  is  seen  the  dog- 
star. 


ASIA. 
ASIA   MINOR. 

In  accordance  with  the  traditional  geographical  arrange- 
ment of  coin  collections,  the  coinage  of  Asia  Minor  is 
dealt  with  later  than  that  of  Greece  proper,  or  that  of  the 
western  colonies  in  Italy  and  Sicily.  Yet  this  method 
has  disadvantages.  Coinage  was  invented  in  Asia  Minor, 
perhaps  at  Sardes  in  Lydia,  and  only  subsequently  was 
transmitted  to  the  Greek  world  by  means  of  the  Greek 
traders  living  along  the  neighboring  coast  of  Ionia.  For 
many  years,  therefore,  the  chief  coins  of  the  ancient  world 
were  those  of  electrum  issued  by  various  Greek  towns 
in  Asia  Minor,  and  historically  these  coins  should  be 
considered  first  of  all.  They  are  often  quite  primitive 
in  design,  and  only  conjecturally  assigned  to  individual 
mints.  Such  coins  are  rare  :  they  are  represented  in  this 
collection  by  the  following :  No.  456,  primitive  head  of  a 
lion,  —  coin  broken;  No.  457,  fore  part  of  a  ram;  No. 
458,  lion's  head,  —  probably  a  Lydian  coin  ;  and  No.  459, 
fore  part  of  a  winged  boar,  —  possibly  struck  at  Klazo- 
menae. 

The  Asiatic  Greeks  then,  as  now,  lived  chiefly  along 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  art  of  the  Greek  towns 
was  affected  by  the  traditions  of  the  great  nations  lying 
further  inland.  Towards  the  north,  in  Mysia,  Troas,  and 
Ionia,  the  towns  themselves  were  Greek  ;  but  in  many 
parts  of  the  south,  in  Lykia,  Pamphylia,  and  Cilicia,  for 
instance,  the  Greeks  were  mere  settlers  and  traders  in 
foreign  lands,  where  the  language  was  strange  to  them  no 
less  than  were  the  customs.  So  far  as  the  coinage  was 
concerned,  it  was  Greek  in  general  character,  and  for  that 
reason  is  treated  as  Greek  by  numismatists  ;'  but  strictly, 
coins  such  as  No.  551,  with  an  Aramaic  inscription,  and 
No.  537  (PI.  V),  with  a  Lykian  inscription,  are  not  Greek : 


46  ASIA. 

artistically,  it  is  true,  they  are  Greek  j  ethnologically,  they 
are  foreign.  These  coins  are  apt  illustrations  of  the  col- 
lision and  fusion  of  the  Greek  and  the  barbarian. 

The  art  of  the  coins  of  Asia  Minor  is,  speaking  gen- 
erally, more  decorative  than  that  of  Greece  proper.  In- 
stead of  gods  or  their  attributes,  the  early  coins  repre- 
sent animal  and  vegetable  types.  The  calves  at  Lesbos, 
No.  443,  and  the  skin  of  the  lion's  head  at  Samos,  Nos. 
494,  495,  are  instances  of  animal  forms  ;  while  the  winged 
pig,  No.  459,  and  the  Sphinx  at  Chios,  Nos.  492,  493, 
show  the  popularity  of  mythical  animals.  A  flower  is 
shown  on  No.  485,  a  coin  of  Erythrae,  and  fig  leaves  are 
seen  at  Idyma,  No.  501,  and  Kameiros,  No.  520. 

Asiatic  coins,  especially  those  of  Ionia,  at  a  later  date 
are  distinguished  by  great  softness.  If  the  representa- 
tions of  Apollo  at  Klazomenae,  No.  460  (PL  V),  and 
Amphipolis,  No.  139,  are  compared  ;  or  Apollo  at  Miletos, 
No.  488  (PI.  V),  and  the  head  on  the  coins  of  the  Chal- 
kidian  League,  No.  132  (PI.  II);  or  Apollo  of  Kolophon, 
No.  476  (PI.  V),  and  the  similar  representation  at  Dikaea, 
No.  193  (PI.  Ill),  the  greater  severity  of  the  coins  of 
the  European  mainland  will  be  recognized.  The  concep- 
tion, too,  of  Kora  on  the  Kyzikene  tetradrachm,  No.  425 
(PI.  IV),  although  of  an  earlier  date,  is  far  less  austere, 
for  instance,  than  the  analogous  representation  at  Pheneos, 
No.  386  (PI.  IV). 

398  (PI.  IV),  399.  Mithradates  of  Pontus,  the 
Great. 

Mithradates  was  Persian  by  blood  but  Greek  at  heart. 
This  "  Greek  sultan,"  as  he  has  been  described,  was 
physically  a  giant  and  athlete,  and  in  every  way  one  of  the 
most  noticeable  of  men.  He  was  endowed  with  extraordi- 
nary intellectual  powers,  —  orator,  linguist,  patron  of  litera- 
ture and  art,  collector,  philosopher,  accomplished  surgeon 
and  physician,  —  his  antidotes  ("  Mithridatia")  are  still 
famous.  He  was  successful  both  as  admiral  and  general, 
and  with  indomitable  courage  and  tiger-like  ferocity  fought 
the  Romans  for  forty  years.  These  coins  are  dated.  They 
were  struck  when  he  was  thirty-five  and  fifty-eight  years 


ASIA  MINOR.  47 


old,  but  represent  him  far  younger:  they  recall  Alex- 
ander on  the  tetradrachms  of  Lysimachos,  No.  210,  and 
probably  by  intention,  for  Mithradates  admired  x 
ander  fervently.  Some  of  his  qualities,  including  possibly 
a  slight  tendency  to  madness,  may  be  traced  in  the  por- 
traits, though  unfortunately  coin-engraving  was  no  loi 
able  to  do  full  justice  to  so  versatile  a  character.  His 
long  hair  was  trained  to  hide  a  wound  on  his  forehead. 
The  ribbon  that  is  seen  is  the  regal  diadem. 

These  remarkable  coins  have  been  called  the  last  master- 
pieces of  Greek  coinage. 

413-425.  Kyzikos. 

Kyzikos,  situated  on  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  enjoying 
a  wide  trade  both  east  and  west,  was  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant mints  of  Asia  Minor.  It  is  famous  for  its  staters 
of  electrum,  —  an  alloy  of  silver  and  gold  in  about  equal 
proportions.  More  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  varying 
types  of  these  coins  are  known  :  the  badge  of  the  city,  the 
tunny  fish,  appears  on  all,  though  only  in  a  subordinate 
position. 

Ten  different  types  are  shown  here  :  — 

No.  413.  Sphinx;  No.  414,  the  smaller  coin  is  a  hekte, 
—  that  is,  the  sixth  part  of  the  stater. 

No.  415  (PI.  IV).  Lion  biting  a  sword.  He  holds  the 
blade  in  his  mouth,  and  presses  his  paws  against  the 
handle  and  point. 

No.  416.  Man  kneeling,  holding  the  tunny. 

No.  417.  Triton  or  Dagon  (compare  No.  559). 

No.  418.  Head  of  youth  (perhaps  Kyzikos,  the  mythical 
founder  of  the  town). 

No.  419  (PI.  IV).  Warrior  (Hoplite)  about  to  start  in 
a  race,  or  preparing  to  jump.  The  figure  is  standing  on  a 
base,  and  reproduces  a  statue. 

No.  420.  Bull's  head. 

No.  421.  Head  of  Atys,  with  its  sixth,  No.  422. 

No.  423.  Apollo  shooting. 

No.  424  (PI.  IV).  Helios  (Sun)  with  his  horses. 

The  reverse  of  these  coins  bears  no  representation. 

The  silver  tetradrachm,  No.  425  (PI.  IV),  shows  a  very 


48  ASIA. 

beautiful  head  of  Kora  or  Persephone,  —  the  maiden 
daughter  of  Demeter, —  of  exquisite  workmanship.  It 
may  be  compared  with  the  head  of  Hegeso  on  the  famous 
marble  Athenian  grave  monument  of  which  a  cast  is  in  the 
Museum  (No.  462).  Kora  Soteira  {Saviour)  had  received 
Kyzikos  from  Zeus.  She  was  worshipped  there  apart 
from  her  mother  Demeter,  but  was  represented  with  her 
mother's  attributes.  Thus,  in  addition  to  the  corn  wreath 
that  distinguished  her  at  Syracuse,  PI.  II,  85,  and  Lokri, 
PL  III,  243,  she  wears  here  the  veil  of  the  bride  or 
matron,  a  symbol  associated  not  with  Kora,  but  with 
Demeter,  on  the  coin  of  Delphi,  PI.  Ill,  251,  for  instance. 

426-431.  Lampsakos,  on  the  Hellespont  (Darda- 
nelles), not  far  from  Kyzikos. 

These  gold  staters,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  issued 
during  the  fifty  or  sixty  years  of  the  fourth  century  pre- 
ceding the  expedition  of  Alexander,  334  b.  c,  are  remark- 
able always  for  their  delicacy  of  design  and  accuracy  of 
execution.  They  bear  the  sign  of  the  city,  —  the  fore 
part  of  a  winged  horse,  No.  427  {cf.  PI.  V,  426),  on  the  re- 
verse, and  a  changing  type  on  the  obverse.  The  Museum 
possesses  four  out  of  the  thirty  known  varieties  of  this 
wonderful  series.     These  are  :  — 

No.  426  (PI.  V).  Head  of  Zeus ;  his  thunderbolt  is  seen 
behind  the  head. 

No.  428  (PI.  V).  Head  of  Pan  (the  god  of  flocks)  with 
a  horn  growing  from  his  forehead. 

No.  429  (PI.  V).  Head  of  a  Maenad,  crowned  with  a 
wreath  of  ivy,  —  a  plant  sacred  to  Dionysos  :  she  is  repre- 
sented in  a  Dionysiac  frenzy ;  and  her  hair  flies  loose 
behind  her. 

No.  430  (PI.  V).  Head  of  a  Nymph  with  hair  bound 
with  a  wreath  of  flowers.  The  flower  represented  is  not 
determined. 

The  staters  of  Kyzikos  and  Lampsakos  are  counted 
among  the  rarest  of  Greek  coins.  In  connection  with 
them,  it  is  interesting  to  know  that  in  400  b.  c,  when 
Xenophon  was  at  Lampsakos  and  in  need  of  money,  he 
sold  a  favorite  horse  for  50  darics,  equal  'to  50  of  these 


ASIA  MINOR.  49 


gold  staters.  This  was  equivalent  to  more  than  a  year's 
pay  as  a  general.  He  drew  only  four  darics  a  month,  or 
four  times  more  than  an  ordinary  soldier.  No  doubt,  on 
active  service  he  had  other  means  of  replenishing  his 
exchequer.  The  story  illustrates  the  relative  cost  of  labor 
and  commodities  at  this  time. 

No.  436.  After  the  defeat  of  Philip  V  of  Macedon  at 
Kynoskephalae  in  197  b.  c,  and  Antiochos  III  of  Syria 
at  Magnesia  in  190  b.  c,  the  Romans  restored  the  right 
of  coinage  to  many  towns.  These  towns  proceeded  to 
issue  tetradrachms  of  a  peculiar,  flat,  spread  fabric,  of  one 
weight,  and  bearing  usually  rather  conventional  heads  of 
deities.  Instances  of  these  coins  in  this  collection  are  the 
following :  — 

No.  436.  Kyme,  —  the  Amazon  Kyme,  foundress  of  the 
city. 

No.  434.  Ilion,  —  Athena. 

No.  530.  Rhodes,  with  types  of  Alexander's  tetra- 
drachms.    Cf.  No.  157. 

No.  544.  Side, — Athena. 

No.  225.  Oetaei  in  Thessaly, — lion's  head  with  spear 
in  the  mouth,  —  the  symbol  Viginally  employed  on  these 
coins  in  the  fourth  century.  See  No.  224.  Thessaly  was 
"  liberated  "  by  the  Romans  after  the  defeat  of  Philip  V 
of  Macedon,  in  197  b.  c. 

No.  319.  Athens,  —  Athena.  This  series  began  earlier, 
about  220  b.  c,  in  correspondence  with  the  friendly  rela- 
tions that  existed  between  Athens  and  Rome. 

Similar  coins  struck  at  Maroneia  and  Thasos,  Nos.  192, 
199,  with  heads  of  Dionysos  are  of  a  somewhat  later  date. 
Artistically,  these  coins  are  the  final  effort  of  Greek  silver 
coinage.  The  decline  of  coining,  it  may  be  noticed,  was 
a  decline  in  the  choice  of  subject,  in  the  artist's  percep- 
tion and  treatment  of  it,  in  his  technique,  and  in  the  purity 
of  the  silver. 

437-453.  Lesbos. 

In  the  island  of  Lesbos  (the  modern  Mytilene)  were 
struck  a  greater  number  of  small  electrum  coins,  — hektae 
they  are  called,  being  the  sixth  parts  of  the  stater.     Many 


50  ASIA. 

of  these  minute  works  of  art  are  of  extraordinary  vigor. 
See,  for  instance  :  — 

No.  439.  Head  of  the  Gorgon. 

Nos.  441-442.  Ram's  head:  beneath,  acock. 

No.  446.  Head  of  satyr  with  goat's  ears. 

The  Ionian  town  of  Phokaea  issued  similar  coins  in 
conjunction  with  Lesbos.  The  Phokaean  sixths  are  the 
rarer,  and  may  be  distinguished  by  a  small  seal  (phoca, 
<f>u)K7])  the  sign  of  the  city,  —  placed  on  the  coins,  in  pun- 
ning allusion  to  its  name. 

No.  491  bears  a  Herakles  head  in  a  lion-skin,  with  his 
club  behind. 

460-474.  Klazomenae. 

The  name  of  this  town  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the 
shrieking  swans,  Nos.  461,  463,  that  inhabited  the  neigh- 
boring marshes  (kXoi&iv,  to  shriek).  The  swan  is  also  an 
attribute  of  Apollo,  and  his  head  is  represented  on  the 
obverse,  No.  460  (PI.  V). 

"  This  nobler  Apollo  of  Ionian  Greece  in  which  the 
incisions  are  softened  into  a  harmony  like  that  of  Cor- 
reggio's  painting."  —  Ruskiif. 

The  coins,  —  tetradrachms,  Nos.  460,  461,  drachms, 
Nos.  462-468  (PI.  V,  465),  and  hemidrachms,  Nos.  469- 
474,  are  seldom  found,  and  the  magnificent  gold  stater, 
No.  464  (PI.  V),  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  all  coins.  A  dis- 
tinguished numismatist  says  of  the  specimen  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  :  — 

"  The  Apollo  of  Clazomene  is  one  of  the  highest  efforts 
of  Greek  Art.  The  treatment  is  extremely  simple ;  the 
hair  is  very  pictorial ;  there  is  no  ornament ;  the  expres- 
sion is  melancholy  in  the  eyes,  haughty  in  the  mouth. 
Here  a  very  high  degree  of  beauty  is  reached  with  an 
absence  of  softness  or  trick."  —  Poole.  The  artists  have 
succeeded  in  imparting  a  special  sweetness  to  many  of 
these  faces,  especially  Nos.  462,  465,  469 ;  and  their  suc- 
cess in  representing  the  head  in  three-quarter  view  testi- 
fies to  a  skill  that  was  the  culminating  point  of  a  long 
tradition.  These  must  be  among  the  latest  coins  which 
present  the  face  in  this  manner. 


ASIA  MINOR.  51 


475,  476.  Kolophon. 

Apollo  was  worshipped  at  Kolophon,  and  it  is  his  head 
that  appears  on  these  two  coins.  The  change  in  style 
from  the  small  head  with  the  large  features  of  the  fifth 
century  to  the  large  head  with  the  small  features  of  the 
fourth  century  may  be  noticed.  The  style  and  execution 
of  No.  476  (PI.  V)  are  beautiful,  if  somewhat  hard,  while 
the  excellence  of  the  striking  and  state  of  preservation  of 
the  coin  are  remarkable. 

477-482.  Ephesos. 

This  town  was  famous  for  its  worship  of  Artemis 
("  Diana  of  the  Ephesians "),  and  the  symbols  on  the 
coins  are  connected  with  her.  The  high  priest  of  her 
temple  was  called  the  King  Bee  ;  and  the  bee,  Nos.  477, 

481,  is  the  most  characteristic  mark  of  Ephesian  coins. 
The  goddess  herself  was  born  at  Ephesos  with  her  brother 
Apollo,  according  to  the  Ephesian  story,  and  the  sacred 
palm  tree  beneath  which  their  mother  rested  is  shown  on 
the  coin,  No.  479.     The  remaining  symbol,  the  stag,  No. 

482,  distinguishes  Artemis  as  patroness  of  hunting. 

488-490.  Miletos. 

The  earliest  coins  of  Miletos  have  symbols  connected 
with  the  worship  of  the  sun,  —  the  lion  and  a  star  or  sun, 
just  as  may  be  seen  nowadays  on  the  arms  of  Persia. 
Apollo  was  the  god  of  the  sun,  and  appears  on  the  later 
coins  of  the  city :  he  was  worshipped  at  the  very  famous 
shrine  of  Didyma,  close  to  the  city.  His  head  occurs  on 
No.  488,  while  on  the  reverse,  No.  489  (PL  V),  is  the 
lion  looking  back  at  the  star.  These  two  tetradrachms  are 
very  rare  :  only  three  other  examples  are  known  to  exist. 

506-513.  Dynasts  of  Caria. 

Caria  was  ruled  from  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury until  the  coming  of  Alexander,  in  334  b.  c,  by  mem- 
bers of  a  Carian  family,  the  Hecatomnids,  holding  power 
nominally  as  satraps  of  the  Great  King  of  Persia.  Coins 
of  three  members  of  this  family,  the  brothers  Mausolos, 
Hidrieus,  and  Pixodaros,  are  exhibited  here.     The  types 


52  ASIA. 

are  the  head  of  Apollo  on  the  obverse,  No.  506,  —  a  some- 
what flat  repetition  of  the  Rhodian  head,  No.  524,  and  the 
statue-type  of  Zeus  of  Labranda  with  the  double  axe,  the 
labrys,  on  the  reverse,  No.  507.  The  well-known  portrait 
statue  of  Mausolos  from  his  Mausoleum,  cast  No.  548, 
seems  reminiscent  of  the  figure  on  the  reverse  of  his 
coins. 

No.  512  shows  a  more  ornate  head  of  Apollo. 

515-519.  Kos,  an  island  off  Caria. 

The  commercial  prosperity  of  Kos  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury is  shown  by  the  magnificent  tetradrachms  issued 
there  with  the  head  of  Herakles  on  the  obverse,  Nos. 
515  (PL  V),  516.  The  reverse,  No.  517,  is  very  typical  of 
a  Greek  coin.  At  the  top  is  seen  the  name  of  the  people 
of  Kos  :  beneath  is  its  symbol,  the  crab ;  beneath  again  is 
the  club,  —  a  sign  of  the  tutelary  divinity  Herakles,  while 
at  the  bottom  is  the  name  of  the  magistrate  responsible 
for  the  issue  of  the  coin. 

521-531.  Rhodes,  an  island  off  Caria. 

Rhodos,  the  daughter  of  Poseidon  and  Amphitrite,  gave 
her  name  to  the  island.  Helios  (the  sun)  loved  Rhodos, 
and  the  names  of  their  grandchildren  were  given  to  three 
of  the  cities  of  the  island.  These  were  Kameiros,  Ialysos, 
and  Lindos.  The  story  of  this  love  arose  to  account  for 
the  sun-worship  at  Rhodes,  where  the  land  was  sacred  to 
Helios  down  to  a  late  date.  The  coins  were  struck  at  the 
city  of  Rhodes,  founded  about  408  b.  c.  by  the  three  towns 
mentioned  above.  The  Doric  character  of  the  inhabitants, 
combined  with  the  Asiatic  luxury  of  the  neighboring  coast, 
produced  an  art  that  reflected  the  earnestness  and  splen- 
dor of  the  Rhodians.  The  coins  also  are  a  witness  of  these 
influences. 

The  types  on  Rhodian  coins  were  constant  throughout : 
on  the  obverse  was  the  head  of  Helios,  Nos.  521,  524  (PI. 
V),  and  on  the  reverse  the  single  rose  of  the  country, 
Nos.  523  (cf.  PI.  V,  524),  in  allusion  to  the  name  of  the  town 
(poBov  =  rose).  The  brilliancy  of  the  sun  is  happily  sug- 
gested by  No.  526.     The  rose  flourishes  in  Rhodes  to  this 


AS/A  MINOR.  53 


day.  At  first,  the  head  of  Helios  resembles  Apollo,  No. 
524,  the  god  of  the  sun,  while  later  it  is  more  like  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  No.  526.  After  the  famous  siege  by  Dc 
metrios  Poliorketes  in  303  B.  c,  the  Colossus  of  Rhodes 
wis  erected  from  the  proceeds  of  his  engines  of  war,  be- 
ing finished  in  292  or  290  b.  c.  ;  and  it  may  be  the  head  of 
this  statue,  the  work  of  Chares  of  Lindos,  that  is  repro- 
duced on  the  later  coins,  both  full  face,  Nos.  525-528,  and 
in  profile,  No.  531. 

532.  Lydia. 

The  earliest  money  struck  by  Lydian  kings  was  elec- 
trum,  but  the  form  of  these  early  electrum  coins  is  quite 
uncertain.  It  has  been  conjectured  that  the  two  coins, 
Nos.  454  (PI.  V),  455,  are  in  this  class  ;  and  more  lately 
Dr.  Head  has  ascribed  the  small  coin  with  a  lion's  head 
surmounted  by  a  pellet,  No.  458,  to  these  monarchs,  and 
probably  would  regard  Nos.  454,  455,  as  early  Ionian  coins. 
Too  few  coins  remain,  in  any  case,  of  these  early  issues 
to  enable  numismatists  to  decide  the  question.  Kroesos, 
the  famous  Lydian  king,  561-546  b.  c,  abandoned  the 
coinage  of  electrum,  owing,  perhaps,  to  the  constant  vari- 
ations in  the  amount  of  gold  in  its  composition,  and  the 
consequent  discredit  and  depreciation  of  electrum  coins  in 
the  markets,  and  substituted  silver  and  gold  in  its  place. 
No.  532  is  one  of  his  gold  staters.  The  lion  and  bull 
may  be  symbolical  of  the  sun  and  moon,  or  the  lion  may 
be  simply  the  oriental  sign  of  sovereignty. 

This  Lydian  gold  was  employed  in  the  trade  of  Asia 
Minor  in  the  second  half  of  the  sixth  century  B.  c,  until 
Lydia  succumbed  to  Persia,  and  the  coin  was  replaced  by 
the  Persian  daric. 

533-540.  Lykia. 

Lykia  became  part  of  the  Persian  empire  after  the  fall 
of  Kroesos  in  the  sixth  century,  and  was  governed  by 
satraps,  save  for  a  few  years  of  vassalage  to  Athens,  until 
the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great.  No.  535  shows  the 
head  of  one  of  these  satraps,  Kharai,  in  three-quarter 
view,  wearing  the  Persian  tiara,  and  No.  537  (PI.  V)  is 


54  ASIA. 

an  exceptional  stater  of  another,  Khariga,  showing  Athena 
seated,  with  her  weapons  and  owl.  These  rare  coins  were 
struck  in  the  second  half  of  the  fifth  century,  when  Lykia's 
recent  subjection  to  Athens  had  ended.  The  coin  of 
Khariga  shows  Attic  influence. 

On  No.  538  is  the  fore  part  of  the  winged  horse  Peg- 
asos.  It  was  in  Lykia  that  Bellerophon,  mounted  on 
Pegasos,  slew  the  Chimaera. 

541,  542.  Aspendos,  a  Greek  town  in  Pamphylia. 

Most  of  the  coins  of  Aspendos  are  of  a  barbarous 
style;  No.  541  (PI.  V),  is  an  exception.  On  the  obverse 
are  two  youths  wrestling  in  a  manner  still  obtaining  in  that 
part  of  Asia  Minor.  On  the  reverse,  No.  542,  is  a  slinger. 
It  is  known  that  mercenaries  were  hired  from  Aspendos  ; 
possibly  the  slingers  were  famous,  and  appear  on  the 
coins  for  that  reason.  Another  suggested  explanation  is 
that  the  type  was  a  pun  between  *A<nrcv&os  and  afav&ovr] 
=  a  sling. 


SYRIA. 

Seleukos,  the  youngest  of  the  generals  of  Alexander, 
possessed  himself  of  Syria  after  Alexander's  death,  and 
founded  the  Seleukid  dynasty.  These  Syrian  monarchs 
reigned  at  Antioch  for  two  and  a  half  centuries.  A  long 
series  of  interesting  portraits  of  them  exists  on  their  coins, 
and  of  these  the  Museum  possesses  a  few  examples,  Nos. 

553-557- 

The  peculiar  border  round  some  of  these  coins,  Nos. 

555'  556»  557>  558>  56o>  56l>  is  composed  of  a  knotted 
woollen  fillet  similar  to  that  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
representation  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  on  the  Marlborough 
cameo  in  the  Museum  collection.  It  is  a  dedicatory  em- 
blem, and  as  such  is  found  on  the  heads  of  animals  des- 
tined for  sacrifice,  for  example,  at  Eretria,  No.  275.  A 
network  composed  of  these  fillets  is  seen  covering  the 
omphalos  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  both  on  the  Amphictyonic 
stater,  No.  252,  and  on  the  cast,  No.  92A,  in  the  Museum. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  the  appearance  of  the  fillet  on 
these  Eastern  coins  may  have  reference  to  the  relation- 
ship between  the  Seleukid  kings  of  Syria  and  Apollo, 
derived  from  the  claim  of  Seleukos  to  be  the  son  of  that 
god. 

553.  Antiochos  I.     Son  of  Seleukos. 

Seleukos  exhibited  great  affection  for  his  son,  for  not 
only  did  he  allow  him  to  marry  one  of  his  own  wives, 
Stratonike,  daughter  of  Demetrios,  No.  167,  when  Antio- 
chos was  love-sick  for  her,  but  he  gave  him  as  marriage 
portion  a  part  of  his  kingdom.  The  beautiful  gold  stater, 
No.  553,  with  Antiochos'  portrait,  was  struck  probably 
somewhere  in  this  kingdom  to  the  east  of  the  Euphrates. 
Little  is  known  of  Antiochos  or  his  character :  most  his- 
tories relating  to  him  are  lost. 


$6  SYRIA. 


554.  Antiochos  III.     The  Great. 

He  made  war  against  the  Romans  in  Greece  ;  and  being 
driven  out,  was  defeated  finally  at  the  battle  of  Magnesia 
in  Ionia,  in  190  b.  c.  This  event,  as  seen  above,1  had  a 
great  effect  on  Greek  coinage,  for  all  the  towns  subject 
to  him  in  Asia  Minor  recovered  their  autonomy. 

557  (PI.  V).    Tigranes. 

This  conceited  and  untrustworthy  yet  enterprising  in- 
dividual was  king  of  Armenia,  and  for  a  while  of  Syria. 
He  was  son-in-law  of  Mithradates  the  Great,  No.  398,  and 
was  his  ally  against  Rome.  He  had  not  that  champion's 
courage,  however,  and  exhibited  abject  humiliation  in 
misfortune  :  he  played  Mithradates  false,  and  finally  was 
himself  defeated  and  driven  from  Syria  by  Lucullus,  69 
B.  c.  He  was  the  typical  shifty,  overbearing,  weak 
Armenian.  With  him,  the  Syrian  monarchy,  begun  by 
Seleukos,  came  to  an  end.    He  died  a  firm  friend  of  Rome. 

The  relatively  high  merit  of  this  coin  of  Tigranes  is 
due,  perhaps,  to  his  wife,  who  inherited  her  father's 
admiration  for  Greek  culture,  and  encouraged  the  arts. 
Tigranes  wears  the  Armenian  tiara,  —  a  variation  of  the 
Persian  tiara  seen  on  No.  549.  His  forehead  is  bound 
with  the  regal  diadem. 

558.  Seleukia.     The  port  of  Antioch  in  Syria. 

This  town  gained  its  freedom  from  Syrian  rule  in  108 
b.  c,  and  issued  silver  coins.  The  turreted  mural  crown 
indicates  that  the  head  is  the  Tyche  {rx>xn,  fortuna)  or 
protecting  divinity  of  the  town.  This  method  of  repre- 
senting a  town  has  been  made  familiar  to  us  in  modern 
times  by  Pradier's  statue  of  Strasbourg  at  Paris. 

561.  Mithradates  I  of  Parthia,  174-136  b.  c. 

The  tribes  of  Parthia  under  Arsakes  revolted  from  the 
Seleukids  in  the  middle  of  the  third  century  b.  c,  and  the 
vast  territories  to  the  east  of  the  Euphrates  were  lost  to 
the  Macedonian  kingdom  of  Syria.  The  coinage  of  Par- 
thia is  barbaric,  but  this  coin  of  Mithradates  is  an  excep- 
1  Page  49. 


SYRIA. 


tion.  Mithradates  was  a  brave,  just,  and  upright  monarch, 
free  from  pride  or  luxury,  —  a  great  conqueror  and  admin- 
istrator too  :  he  introduced  into  Parthia  the  best  laws 
and  customs  obtaining  among  the  people  he  conquered. 
On  his  coins  is  engraved  the  title  "  Philhellene,"  and  it  is 
probable  that  he  succeeded  in  winning  the  esteem  of  his 
Greek  subjects.  This  coin,  of  Greek  fabric,  may  have 
been  struck  in  his  honor  at  some  town  where  much  of  the 
population  was  Greek.  The  band  round  the  hair  is  the 
royal  diadem. 


AFRICA. 

EGYPT. 

562-564.  Ptolemy  I. 

Alexander  the  Great  died  in  323  b.  c.  Thereupon  his 
empire  passed  nominally  to  his  half-brother,  Aridaeos, 
surnamed  Philip,  conjointly  with  Alexander's  son  by 
Roxana,  Alexander  IV,  born  shortly  after  his  father's 
death.  Philip  was  half-witted  ;  and  Alexander  being  but 
an  infant,  the  real  power  was  vested  in  the  viceroys 
appointed  to  govern  the  different  provinces.  Egypt  was 
chosen  by  Ptolemy. 

Ptolemy  was  one  of  the  generals  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
and  his  devoted  adherent.  His  origin  was  said  to  be  low, 
yet  one  account  makes  him  half-brother  to  Alexander. 
Withdrawing  into  Egypt  immediately  on  his  sovereign's 
death,  he  there  founded  the  Ptolemaic  dynasty.  He  was 
brave,  energetic,  and  reliable,  well  educated,  —  he  wrote 
the  history  of  Alexander  the  Great,  —  shrewd,  and  a  ruler 
of  judgment.  His  family  held  the  throne  for  nearly  three 
hundred  years,  thanks  in  great  measure  to  his  admirable 
foresight. 

The  coins  of  Ptolemy  illustrate  the  changes  in  his  for- 
tune. The  first  coins  bore  the  title  of  Philip  Aridaeos. 
They  were  similar  to  No.  165,  struck  in  Philip's  name  at 
Babylon.  Philip  was  murdered  in  317  b.  c.  Ptolemy 
thereupon  struck  coins  in  the  name  of  Alexander  IV, 
bearing  the  head  of  Alexander  the  Great  in  the  elephant's 
skin,  No.  562.  Alexander  IV  was  murdered  in  311  B.C. 
After  his  death,  it  is  conjectured  that  Ptolemy  struck 
coins  similar  to  the  preceding  type,  but  in  a  somewhat 
different  style,  No.  563,  until  the  year  306,  when  he  was 
declared  king  of  Egypt.  Ptolemy's  own  head,  No.  564, 
appears  after  306,  and  is  continued  on  Ptolemaic  coins 


EGYPT.  59 


down  to  Roman  times.     This  gold  coin  with  his  portrait 
was  struck  in  his  reign,  or  the  succeeding  one. 

The  elephant's  skin  on  Nos.  562,  563,  refers  to  Alex- 
ander's expedition  to  India.  Beneath  the  skin  may  be 
noticed  the  horn  of  Ammon  as  on  No.  206.  Round  the 
forehead  is  the  royal  diadem,  and  round  the  neck  the 
aegis,  an  attribute  of  Zeus. 

565.  Berenike  II,  daughter  of  Magas,  king  of  Kyrene, 
was  a  woman  of  resolution.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  she  was 
bride  elect  of  Demetrios  the  Fair,  son  of  Demetrios  Poli- 
orketes,  No.  169,  and  murdered  him  on  discovering  that 
he  carried  on  an  intrigue  with  her  mother.  Berenike  then 
married  Ptolemy  III  (Evergetes),  and  is  chiefly  famous 
in  connection  with  the  dedication  of  a  lock  of  her  hair 
in  a  temple,  in  commemoration  of  his  safe  return  from 
an  expedition.  The  lock  of  hair  was  lost;  but  was  dis- 
covered by  the  court  astronomer  as  a  new  constellation  in 
the  sky,  called  to  this  day  coma  Berenices.  The  story 
forms  the  subject  of  an  ode  of  Catullus,  translated  by  him 
from  the  Greek  of  Kallimachos.  Berenike  was  eventually 
murdered  by  her  son  Ptolemy  IV  (Philopator).1 

566.  Cleopatra,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes. 

This  coin  represents  the  famous  mistress  of  Caesar  and 
Antony.  "  Her  portrait  is  that  of  a  woman  of  intellect 
and  charm,  not  of  beauty.  A  broad  head  with  wavy  hair, 
an  aquiline  nose,  large  deep-set  eyes,  and  a  full,  eloquent 
mouth,  is  supported  by  a  long,  slender  throat."     Poole. 

"  The  contact  of  her  presence,  if  you  lived  with  her, 
was  irresistible,  the  attraction  of  her  person,  joined  with 
the  charm  of  her  conversation,  and  the  character  that  at- 
tended all  she  said  and  did,  was  something  bewitching. 
It  was  a  pleasure  merely  to  hear  the  sound  of  her  voice, 
with  which,  like  an  instrument  of  many  strings,  she  could 
pass  from  one  language  to  another."     Plutarch  (Clough). 

She  spoke   Aethiopian,    Troglodyte,    Hebrew,   Arabic, 

1  No  coin  of  this  monarch  is  in  the  Catherine  Page  Perkins  Collec- 
tion, but  the  Museum  possesses  a  portrait  head  of  him  among  its 
ancient  marbles. 


60  AFRICA. 


Syriac,  Medic,  and  Parthian,  besides,  of  course,  Greek. 
Her  features,  her  tastes  and  accomplishments  suggest  a 
Semitic  strain  in  her  blood.  She  was  twenty-seven  years 
of  age  when  this  coin  was  struck. 


CARTHAGE. 

567-670.  The  interest  of  Punic  coins  is  increased  by 
the  fact  that  they  are  almost  the  only  memorial  of  the 
Carthaginians.  The  second  Carthaginian  invasion  of 
Sicily  was  made  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  century,  and  from 
that  time  onward  the  Carthaginians  struck  coins  both  in 
Sicily,  Nos.  86-91,  and  at  home,  Nos.  567-570.  This 
Semitic  coinage  was  the  work  of  Greek  artists,  and  the 
types  were  Greek  types  ;  but  the  work,  at  first  fine,  be- 
came flat  and  uninteresting :  the  large  gold  six-drachm 
piece,  No.  569,  is  a  typical  example  of  the  later  class. 
This  head  is  a  tasteless  copy  of  the  Arethusa  type,  No.  85, 
altogether  lacking  in  life  and  freedom.  It  has  served  in 
turn  as  model  for  the  obverse  of  the  coins  of  three  French 
republics.  Better  copies  are  seen  on  the  earlier  examples, 
Nos.  86  and  88.  No.  91  is  a  copy  of  the  Alexandrine 
type,  No.  156. 

The  horse  on  these  coins,  Nos.  87,  568,  is  probably  a 
symbol  of  the  sun  (Baal) ;  see  2  Kings,  xxiii,  n,  "And  he 
(Josiah)  took  away  the  horses  that  the  kings  of  Judah  had 
given  to  the  sun."  The  palm  tree  (<f>oivi£  =  phoenix) 
refers  to  the  Phoenician  origin  of  the  Carthaginians. 
There  was  a  myth  that  the  Tyrians,  on  digging  the  foun- 
dations of  Carthage,  found  a  horse's  head  beneath  a  palm 
tree.     Doubtless  the  type  on  No.  89  recalled  this  story. 


ROMAN   COINS. 

The  earliest  coins  in  this  collection  having  to  do  with 
Rome  are  Nos.  2  and  3.  These  were  issued  in  the  fourth 
century  b.  c.  at  Capua,  in  Campania.  Capua  at  that  time 
fell  under  the  Roman  dominion,  but  was  allowed  home 
rule,  and  struck  coins.     The  style  is  Greek ;  the  subjects 

—  Romulus  and  Remus  suckled  by  the  wolf  (cf.  cast  of 
the  Wolf  of  the  Capitol,  No.  557)  and  the  head  of  Roma 

—  are  Roman.  No.  31  also  illustrates  an  incident  in  the 
history  of  Rome,  during  the  Pyrrhic  wars.  Locri  in  Brut- 
tium  constantly  changed  hands  from  Pyrrhus  to  Rome  in 
the  period  between  280  and  275  b.  c.  This  coin  was  struck 
at  Locri  at  a  time  when  Rome  was  in  power,  and  shows 
7rtoTts  (Jides,  good  faith)  crowning  Rome  in  assurance  of 
the  promised  faithfulness  of  the  Locrians.  This  seated 
figure  became  the  conventional  representation  of  Rome  of 
later  art.  The  allegorical  character  of  the  subject  is  es- 
sentially Roman,  but  here  again  the  work  is  Greek. 

Rome  had  no  silver  coinage  of  her  own  until  a  few  years 
later,  268  b.  c,  just  before  the  First  Punic  War;  at  a  time, 
that  is,  when  Greek  coin-engraving  had  passed  its  highest 
point  and  was  far  on  the  downward  path.  The  earliest 
issues  showed  Castor  and  Pollux  —  "  the  great  twin 
brethren  "  (probably  copied  from  the  Greek  coin,  No.  25), 
and  the  name  of  the  city,  No.  577.  A  later  series,  the  so- 
called  "  family  "  coins,'  starting  some  thirty-five  years  after- 
wards, was  distinguished  by  representations  of  people  or 
events  relating  to  the  family  history  of  the  magistrate  re- 
sponsible for  their  issue.  Such  are  Nos.  579-581.  It  will 
be  seen  at  once  that,  as  compared  with  Greek  coins,  the 
artistic  style  of  these  is  feeble.  They  are  found  in  over- 
whelming numbers. 

Contemporary  portraits  began  with  Julius  Caesar,  and 
were  the  rule  henceforward :  the  Imperial  series  is,  indeed, 
a  vast  portrait  gallery  of  Emperors  and  £heir  families.  The 


ROMAN  COINS.  63 


few  specimens,  Nos.  582-609,  serve  to  give  an  idea  of  the 
style  of  these  coins. 

Imperial  coins  occur1  in  the  three  metals  :  the  aureus  of 
gold,  No.  585  ;  the  denarius  of  silver,  No.  584  *J;  and  the 
sestertius.  No.  586,  and  smaller  divisions  of  bronze.8 

The  work  of  these  coins  was  probably  done  by  Greek 
artists,  but  the  art  is  Roman  art,  and  quite  distinct  from 
that  of  Greek  coins.  Mechanically,  they  are  better  than 
Greek  coins :  greater  attention  was  paid  to  the  processes 
of  minting;  but  artistically  they  are  inferior.  They  are 
marked  by  dulness  and  monotony  of  style,  maintaining 
throughout  a  period  of  over  two  hundred  years  a  certain 
uniform  excellence  of  quality  which  avoids  mediocrity,  but 
never  reaches  real  distinction.  This  weary  sameness  would 
be  still  more  irksome  were  it  not  for  the  variety  of  beauti- 
ful and  attractive,  if  fortuitous,  colours  that  distinguish  all 
ancient  copper  coins. 

The  portraits  are  accurate,  as  may  be  proved  by  com- 
paring them  with  the  casts  in  the  Bust  Room  of  the  Mu- 
seum ;  and  they  are  well  executed  in  a  methodical  spirit, 
but  without  the  freedom,  vitality,  or  variety  of  Greek  por- 
traits. The  head  of  Augustus,  No.  585  (PI.  V),  is  partic- 
ularly fine  (compare  the  portrait  bust  from  the  Despuig 
collection  in  the  Museum) ;  and  the  heads  of  Galba,  No. 
593,  Maximinus  I,  No.  607,  and  Gordianus  III,  No.  608, 
are  remarkable  and  characteristic.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
the  head  no  longer  occupies  the  whole  of  the  obverse  as  on 
Greek  regal  money,  but  shares  the  space  with  an  inscrip- 
tion, as  is  still  the  fashion  with  modern  coins. 

The  reverses  also  are  Roman  in  spirit,  and  show  either 
some  allegorical  personification  or  mythological  device,  No. 
586,  or  record  some  actual  historical  scene  treated  pic- 


1  Some  of  these  coins  have  been  placed  sidewise  in  the  case  in 
order  that  the  light  may  strike  the  heads  from  the  top  and  not  from 
the  side. 

2  The  "  penny  "  given  to  the  laborers  in  the  vineyard,  Matt.  xxii. 
19,  with  the  image  and  superscription  of  Caesar,  was  the  denarius  of 
Tiberius,  the  successor  of  Augustus. 

8  The  largest  bronze  coins  are  spoken  of  by  numismatists  as  "  first 
brass,"  the  smaller  ones  as  "  second  brass,"  and  "  third  brass." 


64  ROMAN  COINS. 


torially,  —  a  method  that  is  typically  Roman  :  for  instance, 
No.  588,  where  Caligula  is  seen  sacrificing. 

Such  are  Roman  coins.  They  are  a  product  of  the 
characteristic  order  and  system  of  the  Roman  Empire  ; 
and  they  reflect  its  essentially  practical,  truthful,  and  busi- 
ness-like qualities.  They  have  a  further  interest  for  us  in 
that  they,  and  not  Greek  coins,  inspired  the  medallists  of 
the  Renaissance ;  and  in  this  way  they  have  influenced  all 
modern  coinage. 


BRIEF  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  COINS 

IN   THE 

CATHARINE   PAGE   PERKINS   COLLECTION 

Reprinted  from  the  Twenty-sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  Museum. 


ITALY. 

Campania.  — Cales.  Bronze  coin  of  the  period  after  268 
b.  c,  with  a  head  of  Athena  on  the  obverse  ;  and  a 
cock,  with  a  star  behind  it,  on  the  reverse. 

Capua.  Two  Romano-Campanian  didrachms.  One 
of  the  period  338-318:  obv.,  head  of  young  Hera- 
kles ;  rev.,  wolf  and  twins,  Romano  in  exergue.  The 
other  after  318:  obv.,  head  of  Roma  in  Phrygian 
helmet ;  rev.,  Nike'  binding  wreath  to  palm  branch. 

Cumae.  Didrachm,  of  the  period  480-423.  Obv., 
female  head  to  r.  j  rev.,  mussel-shell  and  barley- 
corn. 

Neapolis.  Bronze  coin  of  about  340.  Obv.,  head  of 
Apollo  to  1. ;  rev.,  Campanian  bull  to  r.,  crowned  by 
flying  Nike\ 

Phistelia.  Two  didrachms  of  the  period  420-400. 
Each  with  head  of  Hera  on  obv.,  and  Campanian 
bull,  with  Fistlus,  in  Oscan  letters,  on  rev. 

Calabria.  —  Tarentum.  Didrachm,  500-473.  Obv.,  Taras 
on  dolphin  to  r.,  a  cuttle-fish  in  his  r.  hand  ;  rev., 
sea-horse  to  r.,  cockle-shell  below. 

Gold  drachma,  400-330.     Obv.,  head  of  a  god- 
dess to  L,  a  dolphin  under  the  chin  ;  rev.,  Taras 


66  ITAL  Y. 


on  dolphin  to  I.,  wearing  chlamys,  and  holding  a 
Nike  and  a  trident. 

Didrachm,  about  300.  Obv.,  head  of  a  god- 
dess to  1. ;  rev.,  nude  rider  crowning  horse,  dolphin 
below,  thunderbolt  in  field. 

Didrachm,  302-281.  Obv.,  nude  horseman  rid- 
ing to  1.,  holding  shield,  NIK0AAM03;  rev., 
Taras  riding  dolphin  to  r.,  carrying  a  bunch  of 
grapes  and  a  distaff;  in  field  a  cock. 

Diobol,  about  300.  Obv.,  head  of  Athena  to  r.  \ 
rev.,  Herakles  grappling  with  lion  to  r. 

Didrachm,  235-228.  Obv.,  armed  horseman 
riding  to  1.,  IENOKPATHS;  rev.,  Taras  riding 
dolphin  to  1.,  carrying  trident ;  waves  and  cuttle- 
fish below. 

Didrachm,  235-228.  Obv.,  armed  horseman 
galloping  to  r.,  holding  a  Nike,  who  crowns  him, 
KAAAIKPATH3  ;  rev.,  Taras-riding  dolphin  to  1., 
carrying  a  trident  and  a  Nike  who  crowns  him. 

Lucania.  —  Herakleia.  Didrachm,  350-280.  Obv.,  head 
of  Athena,  a  Scylla  on  her  helmet,  and  a  strigil 
below  her  chin  ;  rev.,  Herakles  leaning  on  his  club, 
and  crowned  by  a  Nike  ;  symbol,  a  small  jug. 

Metapontum.  Two  staters  of  the  period  400-350. 
One  has  on  obv.  a  female  head  to  1.,  with  fillet  and 
leaves  ;  the  other  a  youthful  head  with  ram's  horns. 
Both  have  the  ear  of  wheat  on  rev. 

Stater,  350-330.  Obv.,  head  of  Leukippos  hel- 
meted,  with  lion's  head  for  symbol ;  rev.,  the  ear 
of  wheat. 

Sybaris.  Stater  of  the  sixth  century,  with  the  bull 
on  the  obv.  and  the  same  type  incuse  on  the  rev. 

Thurium.  Stater  of  the  period  420-390,  and  an- 
other of  the  period  390-350,  each  with  the  head  of 
Athena  on  the  obv.  and  the  bull  on  the  rev.  On 
the  former  the  helmet  of  Athena  is  wreathed  with 
olive,  on  the  latter  it  is  decorated  with  a  figure  of 
Scylla,  PI.  I,  21. 

Velia.     Didrachm,  400-268.     Obv.,  head  of  Athena 


ITALY.  6j 

to   L,   helmet   decorated  with    Pegasos  and  olive 
wreath  ;  rev.,  lion  seizing  upon  a  stag. 

Didrachm,  signed  by  Philistion.  Obv.,  head  of 
Athena  to  ).,  the  helmet  decorated  with  a  Nike' 
driving  a  quadriga,  a  horseman  on  the  neck-piece, 
and  the  signature  on  the  band  of  the  crest ;  rev., 
lion  crunching  a  sword-blade  ;  a  Nikd  flying  to  1. 
above,  carrying  a  taenia. 

Bruttium.  —  Bruttii.  Octobol  ?  (86.1  grs.),  282-203. 
Obv.,  busts  of  the  Dioskouroi ;  rev.,  Dioskouroi 
mounted,  each  carrying  a  palm  branch  ;  symbol,  a 
club. 

Tetrobol  ?  (36.33  grs.),  same  period.  Obv., 
head  of  Athena;  rev.,  eagle  standing  with  wings 
raised  ;  symbol,  a  torch. 

Tetrobol?  (34.38  grs.),  same  period.  Obv., 
head  of  Apollo ;  symbol,  a  lyre ;  rev.,  Artemis 
standing,  holding  arrow  and  torch,  a  hound  at  her 
feet ;  symbol,  a  star. 
Croton.  Two  staters,  late  fifth  century.  First: 
obv.,  head  of  Hera  Lakinia,  her  Stephanos  adorned 
with  palmettes ;  rev.,  young  Herakles  seated  on  a 
rock,  his  bow  lying  on  the  ground,  PI.  I,  28. 
Second  :  obv.,  Hera  Lakinia  as  above,  her  Stepha- 
nos adorned  with  a  palmette  between  the  fore 
parts  of  two  griffins ;  rev.,  Herakles  as  above,  his 
bow  and  quiver  in  the  field  above  him. 

Stater,  about  400.     Obv.,  head  of  Apollo  ;  rev., 
infant  Herakles  strangling  two  serpents. 
Locri  Epizephyrii.     Stater,    280-268.     Obv.,  head 
of   Zeus ;    rev.,    Pistis    (Fides)    crowning    Roma, 
names  inscribed. 
Pandosia.     Stater,    about    400.     Obv.,    head    of    Hera 
Lakinia  with  Stephanos ;  rev.,  Pan  the  hunter  seated 
on  a  rock,  his  dog  lying  at  his  side.     (This  is  the 
specimen  from  the  Carfrae  sale,  No.  34.)     PI.  I,  32. 
Rhegium.     Tetradrachm,    415-387.     Obv.,    lion's    head 

facing;  rev.,  head  of  Apollo  laureate. 
Terina.     Stater,  440-400.     Obv.,  head  of  Terina,  with 


68  SICILY. 


artist's  initial  _  yy  _  on  the  kerchief;  rev.,  Terina 
seated  on  a  cippus,  holding  a  phiale,  and  crowned  by 
a  small  Nike. 

Stater,  400-388.  Obv.,  head  of  Terina,  sphendone 
decorated  with  a  meander ;  rev.,  Nike  seated,  holding 
an  olive  spray,  PI.  I,  35. 


SICILY. 

Agrigentum.  Gold  twenty-litra  piece,  415-406.  Obv., 
crab ;  rev.,  eagle  slaying  a  serpent ;  mark  of  value, 
two  dots. 

Tetradrachm,  415-406.  Obv.,  two  eagles  devour- 
ing a  hare ;  rev.,  quadriga  with  Nikd  crowning  the 
charioteer ;  in  exergue  a  crab. 

Tetradrachm,  same  period.  Obv.,  like  preceding; 
rev.,  a  crab  above,  and  Scylla  moving  to  1.,  below. 
(This  is  the  splendid  specimen  formerly  in  the  Ash- 
burnham  collection,  sale  No.  30.)     PI.  I,  37. 

Herakleia  Minoa.  Tetradrachm,  after  409.  Obv.,  head 
of  Persephone  with  dolphins  ;  rev.,  quadriga  to  r., 
Nike  above. 

Himera.  Two  tetradrachms  of  the  period  472-415.  Each 
with  a  victorious  quadriga  on  the  obv.,  and  the  nymph 
Himera  standing  on  the  rev.;  with  a  small  satyr  bath- 
ing in  a  fountain  in  the  background.  On  one  the 
satyr  stands  to  r.,  receiving  the  water  on  his  breast, 
on  the  other  he  stands  full-front,  the  water  striking 
him  on  the  left  shoulder.  The  latter  has  a  barley- 
corn as  symbol. 

Leontini.  Two  tetradrachms  of  the  period  466-422.  Each 
with  the  semi-archaic  head  of  Apollo  laureate  on  the 
obv.,  and  the  lion's  head  surrounded  by  four  barley- 
corns on  rev.  Another,  of  about  the  year  425,  with 
the  same  types  in  more  developed  style. 

Messana  (including  Zankle)  —  Zankle,  before  493. 
Drachma  with  dolphin  within  a  sickle  on  obv.,  and 
scallop-shell  in  incuse  of  nine  sections  on  rev. 

Two  tetradrachms  of  the  period  480-420.     First: 


SICILY.  69 


obv.,  male  charioteer  driving  pair  of  mules  which  are 
crowned  by  Nike,  laurel  twi^  in  exergue  ;  rev.,  hare 
leaping  to  r.,  dolphin  below.  Second  :  similar,  ex- 
cept that  chariot  is  driven  by  Messana,  and  two 
dolphins  in  exergue.  Another,  of  420-396.  Obv., 
like  the  second ;  rev.,  like  the  others,  with  a  head  of 
Pan  below  the  hare. 

Bronze  coin,  345-282.  Obv.,  head  of  Poseidon 
to  1. ;  rev.,  ornamented  trident,  with  a  dolphin  on 
either  side. 

Naxos.  Drachma,  6th  century.  Obv.,  head  of  Dionysos 
to  1. ;  rev.,  bunch  of  grapes  between  two  leaves. 

Tetradrachm,  461-415.  Obv.,  head  of  Dionysos 
to  r. ;  rev.,  nude  Silenos  seated  on  the  ground,  hold- 
ing a  wine-cup,  PI.  I,  51. 

Drachma  of  the  same  period,  with  same  types. 
Didrachm,  415-403.  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  leaf 
and  berry  in  field  ;  rev.,  nude  Silenos  seated  on  the 
ground,  holding  wine-cup  and  thyrsos ;  in  the  field  a 
herma.  (Design  of  Prokles,  but  not  signed.  Bun- 
bury  sale,  No.  364.)     PI.  I,  53. 

Segesta.  Didrachm,  480-415.  Obv.,  head  of  Segesta, 
hair  rolled  up  behind ;  rev.,  hound  walking  to  r., 
scenting  ;  behind,  three  barley-stalks. 

Selinus.  Didrachm,  before  466.  Obv.,  wild  celery  leaf, 
dot  on  either  side  of  stem  ;  rev.,  incuse  square  of  ten 
divisions. 

Syracuse.  Drachma,  485-478.  Obv.,  female  head  to  r. ; 
rev.,  young  horseman  riding  to  r. 

Didrachm,  same  period.  Obv.,  female  head,  sur- 
rounded by  three  dolphins;  rev.,  bearded  horseman, 
leading  a  second  horse. 

Eight  tetradrachms,  ranging  in  date  from  485  to 
415,  illustrating  the  gradual  progress  in  the  rendering 
of  the  profile  head  of  Persephone  surrounded  by 
dolphins;  the  victorious  quadriga  on  the  reverse. 

Tetradrachm,  412-406.  Obv.,  head  of  Nike*  (?) 
to  r.,  surrounded  by  dolphins;  rev.,  Persephone  driv- 
ing quadriga,  and  crowned  by  Nike,  who  bears  wreath 
and  aplustre.  Ear  of  barley  in  exergue.  (By  Evar- 
chidas  ?)     PI.  I,  67. 


yo  SICILY. 


Tetradrachm  by  Kimon.  Obv.,  head  of  Arethusa, 
almost  full-front  to  1.,  surrounded  by  dolphins  (signa- 
ture on  diadem)  ;  rev.,  victorious  quadriga,  signature 
on  exergue  line,  PI.  I,  68. 

Three  dekadrachms  by  Evaenetos,  with  the  famous 
head  of  Persephone  surrounded  by  dolphins.  One  is 
signed ;  another,  though  without  a  signature,  is  an 
exceptionally  brilliant  example  of  this  coin,  PI.  II, 

Litra,  signed  by  Evaenetos.  Obv.,  female  head 
to  1.,  wearing  sphendone  and  diadem,  signature  on 
latter.  Symbol,  a  barleycorn.  Rev.,  cuttle-fish  with 
webbed  feelers. 

Four  electrum  coins  of  344-317.  First,  100  litrae : 
obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  with  lyre  behind  it ;  rev.,  head 
of  Artemis,  hair  fastened  in  a  roll  behind,  quiver  at 
neck  and  lyre  in  field.  Second  and  third,  50  litrae  : 
with  head  of  Apollo  on  obv.  (symbols,  bow  and  pileus 
respectively),  and  tripod  on  rev.  Fourth,  30  litrae : 
obv.,  head  of  Zeus  ;  rev.,  Pegasos,  with  three  dots 
below. 

Silver  stater  of  same  period.  Obv.,  head  of  Athena 
to  r.  ;  rev.,  Pegasos  to  1. 

Two  staters  of  Agathokles,  310-305.  First :  obv., 
head  of  Athena  to  r.,  helmet  uncrested  and  under- 
rated ;  rev.,  Pegasos  leaping  to  1.,  star  above.  Sec- 
ond :  obv.,  the  helmet  crested  and  decorated  with  a 
griffin  ;  rev.,  Pegasos,  triskelis  between  his  legs. 

Two  tetradrachms  of  Agathokles.  First :  obv.,  head 
of  Persephone  surrounded  by  three  dolphins ;  rev., 
quadriga  with  triskelis  above.  Second  :  obv.,  head  of 
Persephone  to  r.,  with  hair  hanging  loose  ;  rev.,  Nike, 
erecting  a  trophy,  symbol,  a  triskelis. 

Hieron  II,  275-216.  Gold  coin  (67.6  grs.).  Obv., 
head  of  Persephone,  cornucopia  as  symbol ;  rev.,  biga 
galloping  to  r. 

Philistis,  275-216.  16  litrae,  silver.  Obv.,  head  of 
Philistis  veiled,  with  torch  as  symbol ;  rev.,  quadriga 
driven  by  Nike.  The  same,  5  litrae,  with  same  types, 
except  that  the  chariot  is  a  biga. 


MACE  DON.  71 


Period  215-212.  16  litrae ;  obv.,  head  of  Zeus  ; 
rev.,  quadriga  driven  by  Nike.  12  litrae;  obv.,  head 
of  Athena,  Pegaaos  on  her  helmet;  rev.,  Artemis 
shooting  to  L,  her  dog  running  in  same  direction. 
(T.unbury  sale,  No.  501.) 
Siculo-Punic,  393-310.  Small  gold  coin  (14.22  grs.), 
with  date  palm  on  the  obv.  and  horse's  head  on  the 
rev.  Five  tetradrachms,  four  with  obv.  head  of  Perse- 
phone in  style  of  Evaenetos,  surrounded  by  dolphins, 
one  with  head  of  Herakles  in  lion-skin.  Of  the  revs., 
two  are  unbridled  horses  prancing;  three,  horse's 
heads,  with  a  date  palm  in  the  background. 

MACEDON. 
A.  Towns  and  Districts. 

Aeneia.  Tetrobol,  500-424.  Obv.,  archaic  head  of 
Aeneas,  bearded  ;  rev.,  quadripartite  mill-sail  square, 
incuse. 

Diobol,  of  same  period  and  with  same  types. 
Akanthos.  Five  tetradrachms  of  the  period  500-424, 
four  of  them  with  the  familiar  type  of  the  lion  devour- 
ing a  bull,  one  with  a  lioness  instead  of  a  lion,  the 
style  of  which  shows  that  it  belongs  among  the  later 
coins  of  the  period,  PI.  II,  126. 

Obol  of  same  period.  Obv.,  head  and  neck  of  a 
lion  facing. 

Two  tetrobols  of  period  after  424.  Obv.,  fore  part 
of  kneeling  bull,  one  with  a  bay  twig  for  symbol,  the 
other  with  the  letters  TTE.    Rev.,  quadripartite  square. 

Tetradrachm  of  same  period.  Obv.,  lion  leaping 
upon  a  bull  and  biting  him  on  the  back ;  rev.,  quad- 
ripartite square  within  a  raised  square  on  which  is 
the  inscription,  the  whole  in  an   incuse  square,  PI. 

II,  130. 

Amphipolis.  Tetradrachm,  424-358.  Obv.,  fine  head  of 
Apollo ;  rev.,  race-torch  within  a  square  border  bear- 
ing the  inscription  ;  symbol,  tripod. 

BlSALTAB?     Drachma    (63.7   grs.)   of   about   500.     Obv., 


72  MAC  ED  ON. 


nude  warrior  standing  to  r.  at  the  side  of  a  horse, 
and  carrying  two  spears ;  rev.,  quadripartite  incuse 
square. 

Tetrobol  of  Mosses,  king  of  the  Bisaltae  (500- 
480  ?).  Obv.,  similar  to  preceding,  but  the  warrior 
wears  a  short  chlamys ;  rev.,  incuse  square,  within 
which  a  smaller,  quadripartite  square  and  the  inscrip- 
tion MO«EQ. 

Chalkidian  League.     See  Olynthos. 

Edoni.  Octadrachm  of  Getas,  king  about  500.  Obv.,  a 
man  carrying  two  spears  to  r.,  between  two  oxen; 
rev.,  king's  inscription  in  a  square  surrounding  a 
quadripartite  square,  PI.  II,  121. 

Eion.  Two  obols  ?  (13.92  and, 13. 60  grs.)of  the  fifth  cen- 
tury. Obv.,  goose  standing  with  head  turned  back, 
symbol,  a  lizard.  On  one  an  H,  on  the  other  0. 
Rev.,  quadripartite  incuse  square. 

Lete.  Stater  of  about  500.  Obv.,  nude  satyr  seizing  a 
nymph  by  the  waist;  rev.,  incuse  square  divided 
diagonally. 

Macedon.  The  kings  of  Macedon  and  Macedon  under 
the  Romans  follow  the  geographical  list  of  the  dis- 
trict. 

Mende.  Three  tetrobols  of  the  period  424-358.  First : 
obv.,  Silenos  reclining  upon  the  back  of  an  ass,  and 
holding  a  wine-cup  ;  rev.,  large  amphora  and  inscrip- 
tion MINAAH.  Second:  obv.,  Silenos  stands  to  r., 
at  the  further  side  of  an  ass ;  rev.,  within  an  incuse 
square,  MENAAION  and  a  crow.  Third:  obv.,  head 
of  young  Dionysos  crowned  with  ivy;  rev.,  MEN- 
AAIQN  and  an  amphora. 

Neapolis.  Silver  coin  of  the  period  before  500  b.  c, 
1 18.2  grs.  (f  Babylonic  stater?  —  apparently  unpub- 
lished). Obv.,  very  archaic  Gorgon's  head ;  rev., 
roughly  divided  quadripartite  square,  incuse. 

Three  staters  of  the  period  500-411,  with  the  Gor- 
gon's head  on  obv.,  and  mill-sail  square  on  rev. 
Drachma  of  same  period,  and  with  same  devices. 
Three  drachmas  of  the  period  411-350,  with  the 
Gorgon's  head  on  obv.,  and  head  of  Aphrodite  wear- 


MACEDON.  73 


intX  wreath  and  necklace,  surrounded  by  the  letters 
NEOTT,  on  rev. 

Nine  hemidrachms  of  the  same  period,  with  the 
same  types,  except  that  the  hair  of  Aphrodite  is 
bound  by  a  cord,  not  wreathed.  On  five  of  them  she 
wears  a  necklace,  and  on  four  not.  (One  of  the  latter 
has  the  letters  NEO  running  down  at  r.,  instead  of 
the  four  letters  in  the  corners.) 

Olynthos.  Two  tetradrachms  of  the  Chalkidian  League. 
First :  obv.,  the  fine  head  of  Apollo,  laureate,  to  1. ; 
rev.,  the  large  lyre  and  inscription.  Second :  obv., 
the  more  effeminate  head  of  Apollo,  laureate,  to  r. ; 
rev.,  like  the  preceding,  with  ETTI  API3TON03  below, 
PI.  II,  132. 

Orreskii.  Two  octadrachms  of  the  period  before  480. 
Obv.,  a  man  carrying  two  spears  between  two  oxen 
to  r. ;  rev.,  shallow  incuse  square,  PI.  II,  92. 

Two  staters  of  same  period.  Obv.,  centaur  kneel- 
ing, carrying  a  nymph  in  his  arms ;  rev.,  mill-sail 
square,  incuse. 

Paeonia.  Two  tetradrachms  of  Patraos,  king  340-315. 
Obv.,  head  of  Apollo  ( ?),  laureate,  to  r. ;  rev.,  horse- 
man spearing  a  prostrate  foe. 

Tetradrachm  of  Audoleon,  king  315-286.  Obv., 
head  of  Athena  Parthenos,  almost  full-front ;  rev., 
horse  walking  to  r.,  with  loose  rein. 

Potidaea.  Tetradrachm,  500-480.  Obv.,  Poseidon  Hip- 
pios  riding  to  r.,  carrying  a  trident ;  rev.,  incuse 
square,  quartered  diagonally. 


B.   Kings  of  Macedon. 

Alexander  I  (?).  Tetrobol.  Horseman  wearing  petasos 
and  chlamys,  and  carrying  two  spears  ;  rev.,  head  and 
paw  of  a  lion  to  r.     No  inscription  on  either  side. 

Tetradrachm.  Obv.,  like  above ;  rev.,  goat's  head 
and  small  inverted  caduceus  in  a  square  within  an 
incuse  square.     No  inscriptions. 

Perdikkas   II  (?).     Tetrobol.     Obv.,  like  preceding,  but 


74  MACEDON. 


style  later,  and  rider  wears  high  boots  ;  rev.,  fore  part 
of  a  lion  to  r.  in  incuse  square.  Above,  a  caduceus 
to  r.     No  inscriptions. 

Another.  Obv.,  unbridled  horse  prancing  to  r. ; 
rev.,  HE  PA  IK  and  crested  helmet  in  a  linear  square, 
within  an  incuse  square. 
Archelaos  I.  Silver  stater.  Obv.,  youth's  head  to  r., 
bound  with  a  fillet;  rev.,  APXEAAO  and  bridled 
horse  with  rein  trailing. 
Philip  II.  Tetradrachm.  Obv.,  head  of  Zeus,  laureate  ; 
rev.,  <t>IAITTTTOY,  boy  with  palm  branch  riding  a  horse 
with  a  fillet  around  its  head.     Symbol,  thunderbolt. 

Triobol.  Obv.,  filleted  head  of  Apollo  to  r.  ;  rev., 
name,  and  boy  with  palm  branch  riding  a  horse  to  1. 
Monogram  below. 

Three  gold  staters,  from  different  dies.  Obv.,  head 
of  Apollo  or  Ares,  laureate,  to  r.  ;  rev.,  name  and 
biga.  Symbols,  on  two  the  head  of  a  trident ;  on 
third  a  thunderbolt,  PI.  II,  151. 
Alexander  III  (the  Great).  Gold  distater.  Obv.,  head 
of  Athena  in  three-crested  Corinthian  helmet,  on 
which  is  a  serpent;  rev.,  AAEEANAPOY,  Nike  hold- 
ing a  wreath  and  trophy-stand.  Symbol,  a  thunder- 
bolt. 

Two  gold  staters.  Types  of  both  like  the  preceding, 
one  with  AAE-ANAPOY  and  a  monogram;  the  other 
with  AAEEANAPOY  BASIAEQ3,  a  monogram  in  a 
wreath,  and  another  in  the  field. 

Four  tetradrachms.  Obv.  on  all,  head  of  Herakles 
in  lion-skin;  rev.,  I,  AAEEANAPOY,  Zeus  with  eagle 
and  sceptre  on  a  throne  with  a  back  ;  symbol,  a 
Boeotian  shield;  II,  BA^IAEQ^  AAEEANAPOY, 
throne  without  back,  monogram  (Mallos  ?)  in  field ; 
III,  AAEEANAPOY,  throne  with  back,  two  mono- 
grams in  field;  IV,  AAE-ANAPOY,  throne  with 
back,  bunch  of  grapes  and  monogram  in  field,  PI.  II, 

159- 

Didrachm  (128.63  grs-)*  Types  as  in  tetradrachms ; 
on  rev.,  AAEA- ANAPOY  and  a  monogram. 


MACEDON.  75 


Drachma.  Types  as  above;  on  rev.,  AAE-AN- 
APOY  BA3IAEQS  (latter  in  exergue),  $  and  mono- 
gram. 

Hemidrachm  (32.53  grs.).  Types  and  details  like 
the  preceding. 

Obol  (10.51  grs.).  Like  the  preceding,  inscription 
incomplete.     Under  the  throne,  0. 

Hemiobol  (4.98  grs.).  Obv.  like  the  preceding; 
rev.,  AAE-ANA,  club,  bow,  and  quiver.  Above, 
4>  M. 

Philip  Aridaeos,  323-316.  Tetradrachm  like  those  of 
Alexander,  with  the  inscriptions  BA3IAEQ3  4>IAITT- 
TTOY,  M,  and  AY  on  the  rev. 

Alexander  IV  or  V.  Tetradrachm  with  types  and  in- 
scription like  those  of  Alexander  the  Great,  but  of 
coarser  execution.  Under  the  throne  on  rev.,  AP 
(monogram),  and  symbol  a  caduceus.  (Montagu 
sale,  No.  779.) 

Demetrios  Poliorketes.  Five  tetradrachms  with  the 
head  of  Demetrios  horned  and  filleted.  On  the  rev. 
of  two,  Poseidon  seated,  holding  trident  and  aplustre 
(one  has  a  helmet  as  symbol)  ;  on  the  other  three  he 
is  standing,  with  one  foot  on  a  rock.  Various  mono- 
grams, PI.  Ill,  169. 

Antigonos  Gonatas  or  Doson.  Tetradrachm.  Obv., 
head  of  Poseidon  to  r.,  wreathed  with  a  sea  plant ; 
rev.,  Apollo  seated  upon  a  prow,  on  which  is  the 
king's  inscription.     Monogram  below. 

Another ;  obv.,  head  of  Pan  on  a  shield ;  rev., 
archaistic  Athena  brandishing  shield  and  thunder- 
bolt.    In  field,  helmet,  and  monogram. 

Philip  V.  Tetradrachm.  Obv.,  head  of  Perseus  on  a 
shield,  wearing  winged  cap  with  griffin's  head  at  top, 
his  sword  at  his  shoulder.  Rev.,  king's  inscription 
and  club  in  an  oak  wreath.  Three  monograms. 
(Carfrae  sale,  No.  118.) 

Drachma.  Obv.,  filleted  head  of  Philip ;  rev.,  in- 
scription, club  and  three  monograms,  in  an  oak 
wreath,  below  which  a  thunderbolt. 


?6  MACEDON. 


Perseus.  Drachma.  Obv.,  filleted  head  of  Perseus ;  rev., 
inscription,  club  and  three  monograms,  in  an  oak 
wreath,  below  which  a  star. 


C.   Macedon  under  the  Romans. 

Three  tetradrachms.  I,  158-146 :  obv.,  head  of  Artemis 
in  a  shield;  rev.,  MAKEAONQN  TTPQTHS,  club, 
and  three  monograms,  in  an  oak  wreath,  below  which 
a  thunderbolt.  II,  after  146;  obv.,  like  preceding; 
rev.,  MAKEAONQN,  LEG,  club,  and  monogram,  in 
an  oak  wreath.  Ill,  before  89  ;  obv.,  M  AKEAONQN 
and  head  of  Alexander;  rev.,  AESIAAA^  Q,  club, 
money-chest  and  seat  in  laurel  wreath. 

Two  tetrobols  of  the  period  of  semi-independence  under 
Philip  V.,  185-168.  I,  obv.,  Macedonian  shield  with 
club  in  centre;  rev.,  MAKEAONQN  and  helmet. 
Symbol,  aplustre.  II,  obv.,  wheel  on  a  Macedonian 
shield;  rev.,  prow  of  ship,  on  which  BOTTEATON. 


Thrace,  Thasos  and  the  North. 

Aenos.  Three  tetradrachms  of  the  period  450-400,  with 
the  head  of  Hermes  of  severe  style  on  the  obv.,  and 
goat  on  the  rev.  One  of  them  has  as  symbols  on 
the  rev.,  a  herma  of  Hermes  standing  on  a  throne 
(on  the  back  of  which  hangs  a  wreath),  and  a  cadu- 
ceus,  PI.  Ill,  182. 

Tetradrachm,  400-350.  Obv.,  head  of  Hermes  of 
fine  style  ;  rev.,  goat ;  symbols,  barleycorn  and  bunch 
of  grapes,  PI.  Ill,  185. 

Byzantium.  Drachma,  400-350.  Obv.,  bull  walking  to  1. 
on  a  dolphin ;  above,  BY  (with  Byzantian  B)  ;  rev., 
mill-sail  square,  incuse. 

Dikaea.  Tetrobol,  480-450.  Obv.,  head  with  hair  rolled 
up  behind ;  rev.,  bull's  head  to  r.,  PI.  Ill,  193. 

Maroneia.    Didrachm,  500-450.    Obv.,  fore  part  of  horse 


THRACE,   THASOS  AND    THE  NORTH  J  J 

springing  to   1.,    POrO    .   .   .   ETTAPX ;   rev.,  quad- 
ripartite square,  incuse. 

Drachma,  same  period.  Obv.,  type  as  above,  in- 
scription effaced  ;  rev.,  four-pointed  star  over  rosette, 
in  incuse  square. 

Hemidrachm,  same  period.  Obv.  as  above,  no  in- 
scription ;  rev.,  quadripartite  square. 

Didrachm,  450-400.  Obv.  as  above;  rev.,  quad- 
ripartite square,  surrounded  by  inscription,  in  incuse 
square. 

Stater,  400-350.  Obv.,  horse  prancing  to  1.,  with 
loose  rein  ;  rev.,  grape-vine  in  a  square  surrounded 
by  the  inscription  ETTI  XOPHTO  ;  symbol,  a  fly. 

Triobol  of  same  period.  Obv.,  fore  part  of  horse, 
EYTT;  rev.,  bunch  of  grapes,  MA. 

Tetradrachm,  after  146.  Obv.,  ivy-wreathed  head 
of  Dionysos ;  rev.,  Dionysos  Soter,  standing,  holding 
two  narthex  stalks  and  a  bunch  of  grapes.  Inscrip- 
tions and  monogram. 

Mesembria.  Diobol,  450-350.  Obv.,  crested  helmet 
facing;  rev.,  META  between  the  four  spokes  of  a 
radiate  wheel. 

Pantikapaeon.  Didrachm,  third  century.  Obv.,  ivy- 
wreathed  head  of  young  Dionysos  to  r. ;  rev.,  inscrip- 
tion and  bunch  of  grapes  in  ivy  wreath,  monogram 
above. 

Perinthos.  Hemidrachm  (35.2  grs.),  about  310?  Obv., 
head  of  Demeter  to  1.,  grain  of  wheat  below ;  rev., 
fore  parts  of  two  horses  joined  back  to  back,  TTE 
below. 

Thasos.  Stater,  550-465.  Obv.,  Silenos  carrying  a  nymph 
in  his  arms ;  rev.,  quadripartite  incuse  square. 

Two  drachmas,  465-411.  Designs  as  above,  but 
more  advanced  style  :  on  one  the  Silenos  kneels  to 
front,  his  head  turned  to  r. 

Two  drachmas,  411-350.  Obv.,  head  of  bearded 
Dionysos  (one  with,  one  without  border) ;  rev., 
Herakles  shooting  to  r.  on  one  knee.  Symbol  on  one, 
fly  or  cicada ;  on  the  other,  head  of  a  river  god  or 
Pan. 


yS  GREECE   PROPER. 

Tetradrachm,  after  146.  Obv.,  head  of  young 
Dionysos,  with  ivy  wreath  and  fillet ;  rev.,  Herakles 
Soter,  standing,  club  in  r.  hand,  lion-skin  over  1. 
arm. 
Thrace,  Lysimachos,  King  of.  Two  gold  staters.  Obv., 
head  of  deified  Alexander ;  rev.,  Athena  seated,  hold- 
ing a  Nike.  On  one,  BY,  a  monogram,  trident  and 
two  dolphins ;  on  the  other  a  monogram,  bee  (?)  and 
cornucopia. 

Five  tetradrachms,  with  types  as  above;  symbols 
on  rev.,  I,  two  monograms;  II,  trophy  (?),  crescent 
and  monogram,  PI.  Ill,  207  ;  III,  crescent  and  mono- 
gram ;  IV,  caduceus  and  monogram  ;  V,  eagle.  One 
has  a  K  under  the  head  of  Alexander. 

Didrachm.  Types  as  above ;  on  rev.,  a  bee  and 
E<1>. 

Drachma.  Obv.,  youthful  head  to  r. ;  horseman 
galloping  to  r.,  AY  above,  ear  of  wheat  and  fore  part 
of  lion  below. 


GREECE   PROPER. 

A.   Northern  Greece. 

Achaea  Phthiotis.  Drachma,  fourth  century.  Obv.,  head 
of  a  nymph ;  rev.,  Athena  charging  to  r.  (on  the  in- 
side of  her  shield  are  reliefs  representing  a  battle). 
Symbol,  bunch  of  grapes  ;  no  traces  of  inscription. 

Corcyra.  Didrachm,  229-48.  Obv.,  head  of  young 
Dionysos ;  rev.,  Pegasos  galloping  to  r.,  and  two 
monograms  ;  one  that  of  Corcyra. 

Epeiros.  Silver  stater  of  Alexander,  son  of  Neoptolemos 
(342-326).  Obv.,  head  of  Zeus  wreathed  with  oak  ; 
rev.,  king's  inscription,  thunderbolt  and  eagle's  head 
as  symbol. 

Victoriatus  of  the  Epirote  Republic,  238-168.  Obv., 
heads  of  Zeus  and  Dione  ;  rev.,  ATTEIPQTAN  and 
thunderbolt  in  oak  wreath. 


GREECE  PROPER.  79 

The  following  are  in  Thessaly  :  — 

Kierion.  Trihemiobol,  400-344.  Obv.,  head  of  Zeus; 
rev.,  the  nymph  Arne  playing  knuckle-bones. 

Larissa.  Three  drachmas  of  the  period  430-400.  Obv., 
youth  restraining  a  bull ;  rev.,  bridled  horse  galloping 
tor.,  PL  III,  215. 

Four  drachmas  of  the  period  400-344.  Obv.,  head 
of  Larissa  in  imitation  of  Kimon's  head  of  Arethusa 
on  Syracusan  coins;  rev.,  I  and  II,  horse  grazing; 
III,  mare  and  foal ;  IV,  youth  standing  by  a  horse. 

Plated  drachma  (ancient  counterfeit),  of  same 
period.     Obv.  as  above  ;  rev.,  grazing  horse. 

Melitaea.  Drachma,  about  410.  Obv.,  head  of  Zeus 
wreathed  with  olive  ;  rev.,  bull  grazing  ;  symbol,  sprig 
of  oak  leaves  with  acorn,  PI.  Ill,  223. 

Oetaei.  Hemidrachm,  400-344.  Obv.,  head  of  a  lion 
with  a  spear  in  its  mouth ;  rev.,  young  Herakles 
standing,  holding  club  across  both  arms. 

Silver  coin  of  196-146.  Types  similar  to  preced- 
ing, but  Herakles  rests  on  his  club.  (Reduced  Attic 
didrachm  ?  —  1 17.67  grs.) 

Perrhaebi.  Trihemiobol,  480-400.  Horseman  in  petasos 
and  chlamys,  carrying  two  spears  ;  rev.,  female  seated, 
holding  a  helmet  with  both  hands. 

Pharsalos.  Drachma,  400-344.  Obv.,  head  of  Athena 
in  a  winged  Attic  helmet ;  rev.,  young  horseman  carry- 
ing a  knotted  stick  over  his  shoulder,  PI.  Ill,  227. 

Hemidrachm,  of  same  period.  Obv.,  head  of 
Athena  in  Attic  helmet,  with  ear-pieces  turned  up  ; 
rev.,  horse's  head. 

Pherae.  Drachma,  480-450.  Obv.,  youth  restraining  a 
bull ;  rev.,  horse  galloping  to  r.,  rein  dragging.  Upper 
1.  corner,  a  fountain  from  which  water  is  pouring. 
(Photiades  Pasha  sale,  1890,  No.  161.) 

Silver  stater  of  Alexander  of  Pherae  (369-357). 
Obv.,  head  of  Hekate  or  Artemis  ;  rev.,  AAEEAN- 
APOY,  mounted  warrior  galloping  to  r.  Double  axe 
under  the  horse  and  on  its  flank.  (Montagu  sale, 
No.  312.)     PI.  Ill,  230. 


80  GREECE  PROPER. 


B.   Central  Greece. 

Aegina.  Stater  of  the  oldest  type  (700-550),  bearing  the 
tortoise  with  plain  shell  and  row  of  eight  dots  down 
the  middle.  Rev.,  incuse  square  divided  into  eight 
sections,  PI.  IV,  322. 

Two  staters  of  the  second  period  (550-480).  Obv., 
tortoise  with  smooth  shell,  five  dots  down  the  middle, 
two  more  at  the  top  ;  rev.,  incuse  square  divided  into 
five  sections. 

Two  staters  of  the  period  480-431,  the  shell  of  the 
tortoise  treated  naturally ;  in  one  the  head  full-front, 
in  the  other  turned  to  r.  Rev.,  like  the  preceding, 
PL  IV,  325. 

Hemiobol  of  same  period,  with  same  designs  (head 
full-front). 

Obol,  after  404.  Obv.,  tortoise  as  above,  and  A I ; 
rev.,  like  above,  with  A  in  upper  left  section. 
Aetolian  League,  279-168.  Silver  coin,  162.7  grs-  Obv., 
head  of  Aetolos  to  r.,  wearing  an  oak  wreath  inter- 
twined with  his  diadem;  below,  <t>l.  Rev.,  Aetolos, 
as  a  nude  young  warrior,  standing  to  L,  resting  his  r. 
foot  upon  a  rock,  and  leaning  upon  his  spear.  In 
field,  A. 

Ditto,  81.42  grs.  Obv.,  head  of  Artemis  to  r., 
laureate,  and  with  bow  and  quiver.  $1  behind.  Rev., 
Aetolia  dressed  like  Artemis,  seated  on  a  pile  of 
shields  \  r.,  trophy  of  Gallic  arms ;  1.,  two  mono- 
grams. 

Ditto,  37.2  grs.  Obv.,  head  of  Aetolia  wearing  ear- 
ring and  petasos  ;  4> I  behind.  Rev.,  Kalydonian  boar ; 
between  the  legs  N I  ;  in  exergue  a  spear-head. 
Athens.  Early  archaic  style  (before  480).  Ten  tetra- 
drachms  with  the  familiar  types,  no  two  from  the 
same  die,  showing  the  gradual  advance  in  the  prim- 
itive representations  of  the  head  of  Athena.  (One  of 
these,  PL  IV,  285,  is  from  the  Bunbury  sale,  No. 
976 ;  published  Numismatic  Chronicle,  1881,  pi.  iv,  2.) 
Two  drachmas,  two  obols,  and  one  hemiobol,  with 
the  same  types. 


GREECE  PROPER.  8 1 

Later  archaic  style  (fifth  century).  Nine  tetra- 
drachms,  two  didrachms  (128.97  grs.  and  132.4  grs.), 
five  drachmas,  two  obols  and  one  hemiobol,  all  with 
the  familiar  types,  PI.  IV,  299. 

Style  of  the  decline  (fourth  century  ?).  Gold  stater 
(chrysos).  See  Head,  B.  M.  Catalogue,  Attica  %  p. 
xxvi ;  two  tetradrachms ;  one  three-quarters  obol 
(tritemorion),  with  AGE  within  three  crescents  on 
the  rev.;  two  quarter-obols  (tetartemoria),  with  A0E 
above  a  crescent  on  the  rev. 

Period  196-187.  Tetrad rachm ;  obv.,  head  of 
Athena  of  late  style  ;  rev.,  owl  and  inscriptions  AGE 

—  Ml Kl  —  0EO4>PA,  within  a  wreath  of  wheat. 
Period    186-147.     Tetradrachm ;    obv.,    head    of 

Athena ;  rev.,  owl  standing  on  an  amphora ;  symbol, 
bow  and  quiver  (?),  and  inscriptions  AGE — HPA  — 
API3T0<t>  —  <t>IAAN  and  TA,  all  within  an  olive 
wreath. 

About  146.  Drachma ;  types  as  above  ;  symbol,  dol- 
phin and   trident,  inscriptions  AGE — ZENOKAH^ 

—  APMOIENOS. 

Chalkis  (or  Megara).  Two  obols,  before  480.  Obv., 
wheel  of  four  spokes;  rev.,  incuse  square,  roughly 
quartered.- 

Corinth.  Six  staters  of  various  dates,  from  500  to  after 
338,  with  the  familiar  types  of  Pegasos  and  Athena. 
The  oldest  of  them  has  no  symbol  on  the  rev. ;  the 
others  have  respectively  a  flying  dove  in  a  wreath,  a 
serpent,  an  aplustre  (?),  the  fore  part  of  a  bull,  and  a 
chimaera  and  A  P. 

Two  trihemidrachms  of  about  338.  Obv.,  Bellero- 
phon  on  Pegasos,  charging  to  r. ;  rev.,  Chimaera  and 
A  I,  an  amphora  across  the  exergue  line. 

Five  drachmas ;  one  of  500-430,  with  Pegasos  and 
head  of  Athena  ;  the  others  of  350-338,  with  Pegasos 
on  obv.,  and  on  rev.  head  of  Aphrodite,  —  two  with 
her  hair  in  a  sakkos,  the  others  with  it  loose. 

One  hemidrachm,  350-338,  with  types  like  the  pre- 
ceding (hair  in  sakkos). 


82  GREECE  PROPER. 


Four  diobols,  430-338  or  later.  Obv.,  Pegasos  fly- 
ing to  1.  ;  rev.,  I,  Pegasos  trotting  to  r. ;  II,  Pegasos 
trotting  to  1. ;  III,  Pegasos  full-front  and  AIO;  IV, 
Pegasos  three-quarters  front,  and  AIO. 

One  obol,  400-350.  Obv.,  Pegasos  ;  rev.,  head  of 
a  trident  decorated  with  scrolls. 
Delphi.  Two  staters  of  about  346.  Obv.,  head  of  De- 
meter  veiled  and  wreathed  with  wheat;  rev.,  AM4>I- 
KTIONQN,  Apollo  in  long  garments  seated  upon  the 
omphalos,  holding  a  long  laurel  branch,  his  lyre  at 
his  side;  symbol,  a  tripod,  PI.  Ill,  251. 
Eretria.  Didrachm,  600-480.  Obv.,  Gorgon's  head,  of 
very  archaic  style ;  rev.,  quadripartite  incuse  square, 
lion's  head  in  one  section.    , 

Tetradrachm,  same  period  and  types,  but  style 
slightly  more  advanced  ;  the  fore  paws  as  well  as 
head  of  the  lion  on  the  rev.,  PI.  IV,  273. 

Drachma,  480-445.  Obv.,  cow  licking  her  foot,  E 
below ;  rev.,  cuttle-fish. 

Drachma,  411-336.    Obv.,  head  of  nymph  Euboea; 
rev.,  EY,  head  and  neck  of  a  bull,  filleted.     (Coin  of 
the  Federation  of  Euboea.) 
Haliartos.      Stater,    550-480.      Obv.,    Boeotian   shield ; 

rev.,  mill-sail  square,  with  aspirate  in  centre. 
Histiaea.     Drachma,  369-336.    Obv.,  head  of  a  Maenad  ; 
rev.,  bull  standing  under  a  vine,  monogram  in  field, 
and  I^TI  in  exergue. 

Tetrobol,  313-265.  Obv.,  head  of  a  Maenad  wear- 
ing a  sphendone  ;  rev.,  Histiaea  seated  on  the  stern 
of  a  galley,  holding  a  trophy-stand. 
Leukas.  Drachma,  500-430,  like  the  Corinthian  coins  of 
the  period,  with  A  under  the  Pegasos ;  rev.,  head  of 
Aphrodite. 

Stater  of  same  period,  with  Pegasos  and  archaic 
head  of  Athena,  A  under  the  former. 

Stater,  430-400 ;  designs  as  above  with  fine  head 
of  Athena. 

Hemidrachm,  430-330.  Obv.,  fore  half  of  Pegasos 
and  A ;  rev.,  head  of  Aphrodite,  three-quarters  front. 


GREECE  PROPER.  83 

Locri  Opuntii.     Three  staters,  369-338,  one  of  which  is 

an  ancient  counterfeit,  silver-plated.     Obv.,  head  of 

Persephone  ;  rev.,  Ajax  charging  to  r.,  armed  with  a 

sword.     Details:  I,  AIA^,  griffin  on  shield,  spear  on 

ground,  PI.  IV,  243.     II,  no  name,  spear  and  helmet 

on  ground,  serpent  on  shield.     Ill  (counterfeit),  no 

name,  broken  spear  on  ground,  serpent  on  shield. 
Two  hemidrachms  of  same  period,  with  types  as 

above.    Details :  I,  griffin  on  shield,  helmet  on  ground. 

II,  serpent  on  shield,  spear  on  ground. 

One  hemidrachm,  338-300.     Types  as  above,  with 

AOKPQN   instead  of  OTTONTIQN  on  rev.,  no  sym- 
bols, monogram  between  his  legs. 
Megara.     Drachma,  about  307.     Obv.,  head  of  Apollo, 

laureate  ;  rev.,  seven-stringed  lyre.     (See,  also,  Chal- 

kis.) 
Mykalessos.     Obol,   387-374.     Obv.,   Boeotian   shield ; 

rev.,  thunderbolt  and  MY. 
Orchomenos.   Two  obols,  600-480.   Obv.,  sprouting  grain 

of  wheat  (on  one  E) ;  rev.,  incuse  square,  divided  (E 

on  one,  ER  on  the  other). 

Stater,   387-374.      Obv.,    Boeotian    shield,   ear  of 

wheat  across  one  end ;  rev.,  amphora,  with  EY  above 

and  EPXO  below. 

Hemidrachm,  same  period.    Obv.,  Boeotian  shield ; 

rev.,  EPX  in  wreath  of  wheat. 
Phokis.     Two  obols,  480-421.     Obv.,  bull's  head  facing  ; 

rev.,  fore  part  of  boar  to  1.,  one  with  the  inscription 

<t>OKI. 

Hemidrachm  of  same  period.    Obv.  as  above  ;  rev., 

same  inscription,  and  female  head  to  r. 

Hemidrachm,  357-346.     Obv.  as  above  ;  rev.,  head 

of  Apollo,  lyre  and  traces  of  inscription. 
See,  also,  Delphi. 
Tan agra.     Drachma,    550-480.     Obv.,    Boeotian   shield, 

T  in  one  of  the  side  openings  ;  rev.,  incuse  cross  with 

pointed  ends,  T  —  T  in  opposite  arms. 
Thebes.     Drachma,  600-550.     Obv.,  Boeotian  shield,  as 

on  all  the  following  Theban  coins ;  rev.,  incuse  square 

in  eight  sections. 


84  GREECE  PROPER. 

Drachma,  550-480.  Rev.  as  above  with  archaic  0 
in  centre. 

Quarter-obol  (tetartemorion),  same  period.  Rev., 
archaic  G  in  incuse  square. 

Three  staters  of  the  period  about  450.  Revs.,  I,  II, 
Herakles  kneeling,  stringing  his  bow,  symbol  a  club. 
(One  from  the  Bunbury  sale,  No.  947,  PI.  IV,  265.) 
Ill,  Herakles  rushing  to  r.,  brandishing  club  and 
carrying  tripod. 

Hemidrachm,  426-387.  Rev.,  0EB,  Kantharos, 
club  and  axe. 

Two  staters  of   the  Boeotian  League   (379-338). 
Rev.,  amphora  and  magistrate's  name,   KAAAI  and 
TJMO  respectively. 
Thespiae.     Obol,  387-374.     Ob  v.,  Boeotian  shield  ;  rev., 
crescent  and  inscription. 


C.    Peloponnesos. 

Argos.     Obol,  322-229.     Obv.,  head  of  wolf,  d;   rev., 
A,  Nl  in  corners. 

Two  tetrobols  of  same  period.  Obv.,  fore  part  of 
wolf,  one  to  1.,  the  other  to  r.  Rev.,  I,  large  A,  club 
below,  "FTP  above;  II,  Nl  above  the  A,  nothing  below. 

Three-quarters  obol  (tritemorion),  same  period. 
Obv.,  head  of  wolf,  ^  I  above ;  rev.,  large  A,  with 
round  shield  below,  and  H  P  above. 
Arkadia.  Thirteen  triobols  of  the  period  480-417.  Obv., 
Zeus  enthroned,  his  eagle  flying  ;  rev.,  head  of  Artemis 
or  Despoina ;  both  types  with  numerous  small  varia- 
tions of  pose  and  details  in  the  several  examples. 

Didrachm,  about  370.  Obv.,  head  of  Zeus  to  1. ; 
rev.,  AP  (in  monogram),  Pan  seated  upon  a  rock, 
holding  his  stick,  his  syrinx  at  his  feet.  On  the  rock 
the  artist's  signature  OAYM. 

For  towns  of  Arkadia  see  their  names  in  the  alpha- 
betical list. 
Elis.    Stater,  before  471.    Obv.,  archaic  eagle  flying  to  1., 
carrying  a  hare ;  rev.,  thunderbolt  in  a  round  incuse. 


GREECE  PROPER.  85 

Two  staters,  471-370.  I,  obv.,  eagle  standing  to  1., 
over  its  prey;  rev.,  Nike,  full-front,  head  to  1.,  hold- 
ing a  fillet  and  palm  branch.  AA  in  upper  corners. 
II,  obv.,  eagle  flying  to  r.,  with  a  hare ;  rev.,  Nike' 
seated  on  a  square  base,  holding  out  a  wreath  (?). 
In  field  A. 

Stater,  421-365.  Obv.,  head  of  Hera  wearing  a 
diadem ;  rev.,  eagle  standing  within  an  olive  wreath. 
(Bunbury  sale,  No.  1093.) 

Hemidrachm,  365-322.  Obv.,  head  of  Zeus  to  r. ; 
rev.,  eagle  standing  upon  a  meta,  FA. 

Hemidrachm,  312-2^1.  Obv.,  like  preceding,  but 
later  style ;  rev.,  thunderbolt  and  FA  within  an  olive 
wreath. 

Epidauros.  Diobol  ?  (3*6.69  grs.),  third  century.  Obv., 
head  of  Asklepips,  laureate,  in  field  E;  rev.,  ETT 
(monogram)  in  a  wreath. 

Heraea.  Obol,  420-370.  Obv.,  head  of  Artemis  ;  rev., 
H,  with  a  bow  across  the  middle  bar. 

Hermione.  Two  triobols  of  the  period  350-322.  Obv., 
head  of  Demeter  wreathed  with  wheat;  rev.,  EP 
(monogram)  in  wreath  of  wheat.  (One  of  these  is 
from  the  Bunbury  sale,  No.  nil.) 

Kleitor.  Obol,  400-322.  Obv.,  head  of  Athena;  rev., 
bridled  horse,  prancing. 

Messene.  Tetrobol?  (35.23  grs.),  280-146.  Obv.,  head 
of  Zeus  ;  rev.,  olive  wreath  enclosing  a  tripod  and  in- 
scriptions MES  —  ITTTTAPXOS. 

Pheneos.  Two  obols  of  the  period  431-370.  Obv.,  head 
of  Hermes,  his  petasos  hanging  at  his  neck  ;  rev., 
ram  standing  to  r.  Symbol,  on  one  only,  a  caduceus. 
Two  staters,  360-300.  Obv.,  head  of  Demeter  ; 
rev.,  Hermes  hastening  to  1.,  carrying  the  infant 
Arkas  on  his  1.  arm,  caduceus  in  r.  hand.  One  of 
the  coins  has  a  phiale  (or  0  ?)  as  symbol,  between  the 
legs  of  Hermes,  PI.  IV,  386. 

Phlios.  Two  obols  of  the  period  431-370.  Obv.,  fore 
part  of  bull,  butting;  rev.,  a  large  <t>,  and  a  dot  in 
each  of  the  four  corners. 


86  GREECE  PROPER. 

Sikyon.     Hemiobol,  before  400.     Obv.,  dove  pecking  its 

foot;  rev.,  E^,  dove  flying  to  r. 

Obol,  400-332.     Obv.,  ^1,  dove  alighting  to  r.,  0 

below  ;  rev.,  dove  flying  to  r. 

Drachma,  same  period.    Obv.,  Chimaera,  ^E  below 

the  body ;  rev.,  dove  flying  to  1.,  in  an  olive  wreath. 
Stymphalos.     Obol,  431-370.     Obv.,  head  of  young  Her- 

akles  in  lion-skin  ;  rev.,  head  and  neck  of  a  Stympha- 

lian  bird. 
Tegea.     Obol,  before  431  ?     Obv.,  head  of  Athena,  wear- 
ing olive  wreath  but  no  helmet,  hair  in  queue  behind ; 

rev.,  T. 
Thelpusa.     Two  obols,  400-370.     Obv.,  head  of  Deme- 

ter  Erinys  to  r.,  wearing  earing  and  necklace.    Under 

her  chin  0.     Rev.,    EPIQN,  the  horse  Arion,  with 

loose  rein,  prancing  to  r. 


D.   Islands  of  the  Aegean. 
Not  including  those  on  the  Asiatic  Coast. 

Crete.  —  Gortyna.  Drachma,  300-200.  Obv.,  head  of 
Zeus ;  rev.,  Europa  on  the  Bull,  her  mantle  blown  by 
the  wind. 

Lappa.  Stater,  431-400.  Obv.,  A] ATTTTI ON  (retro- 
grade), large  female  head  —  Artemis  ?  —  to  r.,  wearing 
pendant  earring  and  bead  necklace ;  rev.,  A7T0A- 
AO]N,  Apollo,  in  himation,  seated  to  r.  (his  shoulders 
full-front),  his  r.  hand  resting  on  a  large  sphere  — 
the  sun  ?  —  and  the  1.  holding  a  five-stringed  tortoise- 
shell  lyre  on  his  lap. 

Phalasarna.  Stater,  400-300.  Obv.,  head  of  Dik- 
tynna  to  r.,  her  hair  bound  by  a  cord  ;  rev.,  ^A,  head 
of  a  trident,  with  a  scroll  at  the  neck. 

Delos.  Stater,  before  500.  Obv.,  two  dolphins,  one 
above  the  other,  swimming  in  opposite  directions  ; 
rev.,  incuse  square,  divided  unevenly  into  five  sec- 
tions. 


ASIA   MINOR.  87 


Keos.  Iulis.  Stater,  about  300.  Obv.,  head  of  Aristaeos, 
laureate,  to  r.,  bearded  and  with  thick  hair  brushed 
forward;  rev.,  IOAOY,  a  bee;  symbol,  head  of  the 
dog  Sirius,  Kl  below.1 

Naxos.  Stater,  sixth  century.  Obv.,  Kantharos,  with  ivy 
leaf  above  it  and  one  hanging  from  each  handle  ;  rev., 
quadripartite  incuse  square. 


ASIA   MINOR. 

Pontos.  —  Mithradates  Eupator.  Two  tetradrachms,  — 
I,  struck  b.  c.  97  ;  obv.,  head  of  Mithradates,  PI.  IV, 
398;  rev.,  BASIAEQS  EYTTATOPOS,  Pegasos 
drinking,  crescent,  star,  monogram,  E^,  and  Z,  all 
in  ivy  wreath.  II,  struck  B.  c,  74,  obv.,  as  above ; 
rev.,  BASIAEQ  MI0PAAATOYS  EYTTATOPOS, 
stag  grazing,  crescent,  star,  two  monograms  and 

Paphlagonia.  —  Amastris.  Two  staters  of  the  third  cen- 
tury. I,  obv.,  head  of  Mithras,  wearing  Phrygian 
cap,  laureate,  with  a  star  above  the  wreath ;  rev., 
Anaitis  (?)  enthroned,  crowned,  and  holding  a  Nike'. 
Her  sceptre  leans  against  the  throne.  Symbol  a 
rose,  monogram  under  seat.  II,  obv.  as  above, 
except  that  the  star  is  below  the  wreath  ;  rev.,  as 
above,  except  that  the  goddess  holds  the  sceptre  in 
her  1.,  no  monogram  under  the  throne,  and  symbol 
a  bud  (?). 

Bithynia. — Herakleia.  Diobol,  415-394.  Obv.,  head 
of  bearded  Herakles  ;  rev.,  HPAKAEIA  on  a  raised 
square,  surrounding  a  quadripartite  square,  and 
within  an  incuse  square. 

Two  tetrobols,  364-353.  Obv.  as  above  but  finer 
style;  rev.,  a  bull  butting  to  1.  One  has  a  club 
below  the  chin  of  Herakles,  the  other  a  bunch  of 
grapes  on  the  rev. 

1  This  is  probably  the  specimen  referred  to  by  Head,  Historia 
Numorum,  p.  411,  note,  as  suspicious  in  character.  Other  experts, 
however,  have  pronounced  it  genuine. 


88  ASIA   MINOR. 


Stater,  347-338.  Obv.,  head  of  young  Dionysos, 
thyrsos  below;  rev.,  TIMO0EOY  AI0NY3I0Y, 
young  Herakles  attaching  a  spear  to  a  trophy,  a 
ram's  head  on  the  ground. 

Stater,  338-306.  Obv.,  like  preceding;  rev., 
A 1 0  N I  ^  I OY.     Herakles  as  above,  no  ram's  head. 

Drachma,  same  period.      Types  as  in  preceding. 

Kalchedon.     Drachma,  about  400.     Obv.,  bearded 

head  to  1. ;  rev.,  KAAX,  between  the  four  spokes  of 

a  radiate  wheel.     (From  the   Montagu  sale,   No. 

485.) 

Mysia.  —  Adramytion.     Drachma  of  the  second  century. 

Obv.,  head  of  Zeus  to  1.;  rev.,  AAPAMYTHNQN, 

eagle  with  spread  wings  standing  on  a  thunderbolt, 

three-quarters  front  to  1.     In  field  AY  above  a  bee. 

Antandros.     Drachma,   before   420.     Obv.,   female 

head  to  r.,  her  hair  bound  by  a  crossed  cord;  rev., 

AN  TAN  (retrograde),  goat  standing  to  1. 

Assos.      Hemidrachm,    after    400.     Obv.,    head    of 

Athena  in  laureate  Attic  helmet;  A^I^ON  around 

three  sides  of  a  bucranium. 

Kyzikos.     Period   500-450.     Two   electrum  staters, 

one  with   a  sphinx  standing  to  1.  on  a  tunny ;  the 

other  a  lion  standing  to  r.   on  a  tunny,  biting  a 

sword  which  he  holds  between  his  fore  paws,  PI.  IV, 

415.     Three   hektae   with,   respectively,   a   sphinx 

seated  on  a  tunny;  a  man  kneeling  to  1.,  holding  a 

tunny ;  and  a  Triton  holding  a  wreath,  with  tunny 

below. 

Period  450-400.  Five  electrum  staters  :  I,  head 
of  a  youth  to  1. ;  II,  hoplitodromos  (?)  bending 
to  r.,  his  r.  arm  extended  in  front,  a  tunny  1.  PI.  IV, 
419  ;  III,  head  of  a  bull  to  1.,  tunny  below  ;  IV, 
head  of  Atys  to  r.,  tunny  below  ;  V,  youth  (Apollo  ?) 
kneeling  on  a  tunny,  holding  a  bow  in  his  1.  hand. 
One  hekte,  with  head  of  Atys  and  a  tunny,  as  in 
No.  IV. 

Period  400-350.  One  electrum  stater.  Helios 
kneeling  to  r.  between  two  horses,  tunny  below, 
PI.    IV,  424.     (Montagu   sale,  No.   498.)      Silver 


ASIA   MINOR.  89 


tetradrachm  ;  obv.,  3QTEIPA,  head  of  Kora  So- 
teira  to  1.,  veiled  and  wreathed  ;  rev.,  lion's  head 
to  1.,  tunny  below,  PI.  IV,  425. 

Lampsakos.  Five  gold  staters  of  the  period  400-350. 
Obv.,  I,  II,  head  to  Zeus  to  1.,  behind  it  a  thunder- 
bolt, PI.  V,  426;  III,  head  of  young  Pan,  horned, 
PI.  V,  428 ;  IV,  head  of  a  Maenad  to  1.,  with  loose 
hair,  PI.  V,  429  ;  V,  female  head  to  1.,  wearing 
sphendone'  and  wreathed  with  flowers,  PI.  V,  430. 
Rev.,  the  same  in  all  five,  fore  part  of  a  winged 
horse  to  r. 

Silver  hemidrachm,  same  period.  Obv.,  head  of 
Athena;  rev.,  AAM,  fore  part  of  winged  horse  as 
above,  an  ear  of  wheat  below. 
Troas.  —  Abydos.  Two  hemidrachms  of  the  period  320- 
280.  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo  ;  rev.,  eagle  standing 
to  1.  Symbols:  on  one  a  tripod  and  AY^A^;  on 
the  other  a  bee  and  YAAI7TTT03. 

Ilion.  Tetradrachm,  after  189.  Obv.,  head  of  Athena 
to  r.,  in  three-crested  helmet  with  an  olive  wreath  on 
the  front;  rev.,  AOHNAS  IAIAA03,  Athena  Ilias 
standing,  holding  spear  and  distaff,  and  wearing  a 
kalathos.  At  herfeet  a  small  Pegasos  grazing.  In 
field  a  monogram;  in  exergue  MENE4>P0N0^ 
MENE<t>PONO. 
Aeolis.  —  Kyme.  Hemidrachm,  after  350.  Obv.,  -  ENQN, 
eagle  standing  to  r.,  looking  back  ;  rev.,  KY,  fore 
part  of  a  prancing  horse,  one-handled  cup  below. 

Tetradrachm,  after  190.  Obv.,  female  head 
(Kyme  ?);  rev.,  KYMAIQN,  bridled  horse,  one- 
handled  cup  on  exergue-line,  OAYMTNO^  below; 
all  in  wreath. 

Lesbos.     Six  electrum  hektae  of  the  period  480-440 : 

I,  obv.,  Gorgon's  head,  full-front;  rev.,  incuse  head 
of  Herakles  to  1.    (From  the  Carfrae  sale,  No.  222.) 

II,  obv.,  fore  part  of  a  winged  boar  to  r.  ;  incuse 
lion's  head  to  r.    (From  the  Carfrae  sale,  No.  218.) 

III,  same  types,  in  wonderful  preservation.  IV, 
obv.,  head  of  Apollo  to  1. ;  rev.,  incuse  female  head 


go  ASIA   MINOR. 


to  r.,  hair  in  sphendone.  V,  obv.,  head  of  a  ram 
to  1.,  cock  below ;  rev.,  incuse  lion's  head  to  r.  VI, 
obv.,  like  preceding ;  rev.,  incuse  head  of  Herakles 
to  r.,  row  of  seven  small  squares  below. 

Billon  stater,  before  440.  Obv.,  two  calves' 
heads,  face  to  face,  with  an  olive  tree  between 
them  ;  rev.,  incuse  square. 

Seven  electrum  hektae,  of  the  period  440-350. 
I,  II,  obv.,  fore  part  of  a  winged  lion  to  1. ;  rev., 
sphinx  seated  to  r.  Ill,  obv.,  head  of  Apollo  to  r. ; 
rev.,  female  head  wearing  a  sphendone,  a  coiled 
serpent  behind.  (From  the  Carfrae  sale,  No.  237.) 
IV,  like  the  preceding,  except  that  the  serpent  is 
on  the  obv.  V,  obv.,  youthful  male  head  with  horn 
of  Ammon  ;  rev.,  eagle  standing  to  r.,  looking  back. 
VI,  obv.,  head  of  a  wreathed  and  bearded  satyr 
to  r. ;  rev.,  two  rams'  heads,  butting,  a  palmette  be- 
tween them.  VII,  obv.,  head  of  Zeus  or  Asklepios, 
laureate  ;  rev.,  bust  of  Nike  (head  to  r.,  bust  full- 
front),  with  two  stars  above  it. 
Methymna.  Didrachm,  500-450.  Obv.,  boar  walk- 
ing to  r. ;  rev.,  head  of  Athena,  in  Attic  helmet 
adorned  with  the  fore  part  of  Pegasos.  Inscrip- 
tion on  both  sides  of  the  coin. 

Tetrobol?  (99.3  grs.)  of  the  period  420-377. 
Obv.,  head  of  Athena ;  rev.,  lyre  on  a  square  tablet 
in  an  incuse  square.     (From  the  Montagu  sale,  No. 

537-) 
Mytilene.  Triobol?  (43.8  grs.)  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. Obv.,  head  of  Apollo ;  rev.,  five-stringed 
lyre,  a  knotted  fillet  around  its  r.  arm.  Symbol,  a 
flower  (?). 
Ionia.  One-sixth  stater,  electrum,  of  the  7th  (?)  century 
(36.1  grs.).  Coin  roughly  oval,  with  striated  sur- 
face on  the  obv.,  and  oblong  incuse,  divided,  on 
rev.,  PI.  V,  454. 

One-sixth  stater  of  same  period  (35  grs.).  Oval, 
convex,  obv.  plain ;  rev.,  rough  oblong  incuse, 
divided  into  halves. 

Electrum  stater  (fragment,  97.34  grs.),  of  same 


ASIA  MINOR.  91 


period.      Obv.,   lion's    head,   facing;   rev.,   incuse 
square,  divided  diagonally. 

One-third  stater,  electrum,  of  the  sixth  century 
(73.11  grs.).  Obv.,  fore  part  of  ram  to  1. ;  rev., 
incuse  divided  into  six  parts,  each  roughly  sub- 
divided. 

One-twelfth  stater,  electrum,  of  same  period  (18.06 
grs.).  Obv.,  head  of  a  lion  to  r.,  with  open  mouth. 
(Lydian  ?) 

Electrum  stater  of  about  500  (2 16.07  grs-)«  Obv., 
fore  part  of  winged  boar  to.  r. ;  rev.,  quadripartite 
incuse  square. 
Chios.  Silver  stater  of  the  sixth  century.  Obv., 
archaic  sphinx  seated  to  1. ;  at  1.  amphora  and 
vine ;  countermarked  with  an  uncertain  design. 
Rev.,  incuse  square,  roughly  quartered,  counter- 
marked  with  another,  smaller. 

Drachma,  412-350.  Obv.,  on  a  round  shield  a 
seated  sphinx,  amphora  and  bunch  of  grapes  at  1.  ; 
rev.,  incuse  square,  divided  by  two  bands,  on  one 
of  which  THPQS. 
Ephesos.  Two  didrachms  of  the  period  415-394.  I, 
obv.,  bee  with  curved  wings  ;  rev.,  quadripartite  in- 
cuse square  with  rough  surface.  II,  obv.,  bee  with 
straight  wings  ;  rev.,  like  preceding. 

Tetradrachm,  387-295.  Obv.,  bee  with  straight 
wings ;  rev.,  fore  part  of  a  stag,  palm  tree,  and 
4>ANArOPHS. 

Tetrobol  (of  Ephesos  under  the  name  of  Arsinoe, 
288-280).  Obv.,  veiled  head  of  Arsinoe;  rev., 
APSI,  bow  and  quiver,  EENOKA. 

Two  drachmas,  202-133.  I>  obv.,  bee  with 
straight  wings ;  rev.,  standing  stag  and  palm  tree, 
AHMAPX.  II,  like  the  preceding,  with  the  name 
ITTTTOMEAQN. 
Erythrae.  Two  didrachms,  before  480.  Obv.,  nude, 
long-haired  youth  riding  a  galloping  horse  to  r. ; 
rev.,  quadripartite  incuse  square. 

Drachma,  fifth  century.    Obv.,  nude  man  holding 


92  ASIA   MINOR. 


in  a  prancing  horse  ;  rev.,  EPY,  shallow  square  with 
a  rosette  of  twelve  petals. 

Diobol,  same  period.  Obv.,  Pegasos  flying  to  r. ; 
rev.,  EPY0  and  rosette  as  above. 

Drachma,  fourth  century.  Obv.,  head  of  Her- 
akles  as  on  coins  of  Alexander;  rev.,  EPY,  club, 
bow  in  case,  owl,  monogram  and  TTJEAOTTIAH^. 
Klazomenae.  Period  387-300.  Gold  octobol,  87.84 
grs.  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  laureate,  almost  full- 
front  to  r.,  his  chlamys  fastened  at  his  neck  j  rev., 
swan  walking  to  1.  feeding,  AEYKAIO^  and  mono- 
gram, PI.  V,  464. 

Two  tetradrachms.  I,  obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  al- 
most full-front  to  1.,  wearing  wreath  and  Stephanos  ; 
rev.,  swan  preening  its  wings  ;  symbol,  fore  part  of 
a  boar.  II,  obv.,  as  in  preceding  without  the 
Stephanos;  rev.,  swan  as  in  preceding,  1^1  KAH^, 
PI.  V,  460. 

Six  drachmas.  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  laureate, 
three-quarters  front  to  1.  &ev.,  on  five,  swan  stand- 
ing to  1.,  flapping  its  wings,  three  of  them  with  the 
name  ATT0AAA3,  PI.  V,  465,  one  with  TTYGEOjS 
and  a  monogram,  and  one  with  MANAPQN[A- . 
On  the  sixth  the  swan  is  feeding,  and  the  name  is 
AI0NY3AS. 

Six  hemidrachms.  Obv.,  as  in  preceding;  rev., 
swan  flapping  its  wings  ;  on  three  of  them  the  name 
ATTOAAA^  (one  with  a  ram's  head  as  symbol),  on 
two  TTYOEOS,  and  on  one  MANAPQNAE. 
Kolophon.  Drachma  of  the  fifth  century.  Obv., 
head  of  Apollo  to  r.,  of  transitional  style  ;  rev., 
K0A0<K2NI0N  and  a  seven-stringed  lyre. 

Drachma  of  the  fourth  century.  Obv.,  head  of 
Apollo  to  1. ;  rev.,  lyre  and  inscription,  and  N I K I A^ , 
PI.  V,  476. 
Miletos.  Two  tetradrachms,  350-334.  Obv.,  head 
of  Apollo  to  1.,  laureate  and  with  long  hair.  Rev., 
Ml  (monogram),  and  lion  standing  to  1.,  looking 
back  at  an  eight-pointed  star.     On  one  the  name 


ASIA  MINOR.  93 


AHMAINOS,  PI.  V,  489,  on  the  other  .  .  .  STPA- 
TIAHS. 

Drachma,  of  same  period  and  with  same  types, 
the  magistrate's  name  being  AIOTTOMTRO^. 

Phokaea.  Electrum  hekte  of  the  fifth  century.  Obv., 
head  of  Herakles,  a  seal  below ;  rev.,  mill-sail 
square. 

Samos.  Tetradrachm,  439~394-  Obv.,  lion's  scalp  ; 
rev.,  fore  part  of  bull  to  r.,  olive  branch  behind. 
(From  the  Carfrae  sale,  No.  263.) 

Tetradrachm,  394-365.  Obv.,  lion's  scalp  ;  rev., 
fore  part  of  bull  kneeling  to  r.,  olive  branch,  mono- 
gram, and  HTHSIANAI,  PI.  V,  495. 

Bronze  coin,  same  period.     Obv.,  head  of  Hera 
to  1. ;  rev.,  lion's  scalp. 
Carta.  —  Aphrodisias,  see  under  Plarasa. 

Idyma.  Hemidrachm  (32  grs.),  437-400.  Obv.,  head 
of  Pan,  full-front,  with  staring  eyes,  hair  on  end, 
and  curving  horns  rising  from  his  forehead.  Rev., 
I  AY  M  ION  around  a  fig  leaf. 

Kaunos.  Silver  stater,  about  500.  Obv.,  fore  part 
of  a  lion  to  1.,  on  his  shoulder  0  ;  rev.,  incuse 
square  divided  into  two  parts,  rough  surface. 

Knidos.  Drachma,  500-480.  Obv.,  fore  part  of  lion  ; 
rev.,  KNI  and  archaic  head  of  Aphrodite  to  1. 

Drachma,  412-400.  Obv.,  head  and  r.  fore  leg 
of  lion  ;  rev.,  head  of  Aphrodite  to  r.,  wearing  a 
sphendone\     In  field,  A. 

Drachma,  390-300.  Obv.,  head  of  Aphrodite 
to  r.,  wearing  sphendone';  rev.,  KNI,  head  and  r. 
fore  leg  of  a  lion  to  r.,  star  under  the  paw,  and 
traces  of  a  magistrate's  name. 

Plarasa  and  Aphrodisias.  Drachma,  time  of  Augus- 
tus. Obv.,  veiled  female  bust,  wearing  a  stephane' ; 
rev.,  the  names  of  the  towns,  eagle  standing  on 
thunderbolt,  and  IENOKPATHS. 

Stratonikeia.  Two  hemidrachms  of  the  period  166- 
88.  I,  obv.,  head  of  Hekate,  laureate,  to  r.,  cres- 
cent above,  BWPANAEYC;  rev.,  CTPA,  Nike  hold- 


94  ASIA   MINOR. 


ing  wreath  and  palm  branch.  Above,  APICTEAC. 
II,  obv.,  head  of  Zeus ;  rev.,  ^T,  eagle  standing 
tor.,  F,  and  MEAAN0OY. 

Tabae.  Drachma,  first  century.  Obv.,  head  of  young 
Dionysos ;  rev.,  Tyche  holding  a  phiale  and  cornu- 
copia, KETTA. 
Satraps  of  Carta.  —  Mausolos,  377-353.  Two  tetra- 
drachms.  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  almost  full-front 
to  r.  ;  rev.,  name,  and  Zeus  in  long  drapery,  stand- 
ing to  r.,  holding  a  long  spear  and  a  double  axe. 
On  one,  B  in  front  of  his  feet. 

Hidrieus,  351-344.  Drachma,  with  types  like  pre- 
ceding and  the  king's  name. 

PixoDAROS,  340-334.  Gold  twenty-fourth  stater  (5.3 
grs.).  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo  to  1. ;  rev.,  TTI  and 
double  axe. 

Four  didrachms.  Obv.,  head  of  Apollo,  three- 
quarters  front  to  r. ;  rev.,  king's  name,  and  Zeus,  in 
long  drapery,  holding  a  sceptre. 
Islands  off  Carta.  —  Kalymna.  Didrachm,  third  century. 
Obv.,  head  of  a  young  warrior,  helmeted ;  rev., 
name  and  lyre  in  a  square  of  dots. 

Kos.  Three  tetradrachms  of  the  period  366-300. 
Obv.,  head  of  bearded  Herakles  to  1.  in  a  lion-skin 
cap,  PI.  V,  515  ;  rev.,  crab  and  club.  Magistrates' 
names,  respectively  IAN0ITTTTO3  0EOAOTO[3, 
AOANIQ[N. 

Didrachm,    same   period.     Obv.,   head   of   Her- 
akles to  r. ;  rev.,  veiled  female  head  to  1.,  4>IA0  .  .  . 
Drachma,,  166-88.      Obv.,    head    of    Asklepios, 
laureate,  to  r. ;  rev.,  in  incuse  square  KQN,  coiled 
serpent,  NIKQN.     Outside,  TTI. 

Rhodes.  Silver  stater  of  Kameiros,  sixth  century. 
Obv.,  fig  leaf ;  rev.,  oblong  incuse  divided  into  two 
parts. 

Period  408-400.  Hemidrachm  j  obv.,  head  of 
Helios,  looking  towards  the  spectator  over  his  r. 
shoulder;  rev.,  head  of  Rhodos,  wearing  a  sphen- 
done. 


ASIA  MINOR.  95 


Period  400-333.  Two  tetradrachms  ;  obv.,  head 
of  Helios,  almost  full-front  to  r. ;  rev.,  a  rose ; 
symbols,  aplastic  ami  4>,  PL  V,  524.  (One  from 
the  Bunbury  sale,  2d  part,  No.  271.) 

Didrachm  with  same  types ;  symbols  on  rev.,  a 
bunch  of  grapes  and  E. 

Period  304-166.  Two  tetradrachms  ;  obv.,  head 
of  Helios,  radiate ;  rev.,  a  rose.  Symbols :  I, 
aplustre,  P,  APISTOKPITOS,  II,  skyphos  and 
AETIQN. 

Didrachm,  same  types,  magistrate's  name,  Aristo- 
kritos  ;  symbol,  a  palm. 

Two  drachmas,  same  types;  names,  AM  El  N  IAS 
(with  head  of  trident),  and  EYK PATHS  (with 
tripod). 

Period  189-166.  Tetradrachm  ;  obv.,  head  of 
young  Herakles  to  r. ;  rev.,  AAEZANAPOY  Zeus 
enthroned,  holding  eagle  and  sceptre ;  symbol,  a 
rose,  POand  AINHTQP. 

Period  166-88.    Drachma ;  obv.,  head  of  Helios, 
radiate,  to  r. ;  rev.,  a  rose,  an  Egyptian  disk  flanked 
by  two  serpents,  and  APTEMQN. 
Lydia.     Time  of  Kroesos  (?),  568-554.     Gold  stater  ;  obv., 
fore  parts  of  a  lion  and  a  bull,  face  to  face  ;  rev., 
oblong  incuse  divided  into  two  parts. 
Lycia.  —  Period  520-480.    Silver  stater ;  obv.,  fore  part  of 
a  boar,  no  letters  ;  rev.,  rough  incuse  with  rounded 
corners,  crossed  by  transverse  lines. 
Taththivaibi  (of  Telmessos  ?),  480-460.    Silver  stater. 
Obv.,  semi-archaic  female  head  to  1.,  hair  fastened 
by  band  which  crosses  three  times ;  rev.,  name  and 
triskelis  in  dotted  square. 
Kharai  of  Xanthos,  450-410.     Obv.,  head  of  Athena 
to  r.,  wearing  Attic  helmet,  three  olive  leaves  on 
the  front ;  rev.,  inscription  and  head  of  a  bearded 
Satrap  in  a  Persian  headdress. 
Khariga  of  Xanthos,  about  410.    Obv.,  head  of  Athena 
to  r.  within  an  olive  wreath  ;  rev.,  inscription,  and 
Athena  seated  on   a  rock,  holding  her  spear  ;  an 


g6  ASIA   MINOR. 


owl  perched  on  her  1.  wrist,  and  a  caduceus  (?)  in 
front  of  her  face,  PI.  V,  537. 

Uncertain,  about  400,  Silver  stater  (142.75  grs.). 
Obv.,  lion  with  bearded  tail,  seated  to  r.,  head  full- 
front,  left  fore  paw  raised.  Rev.,  fore  part  of 
bridled  Pegasos  flying  to  r.,  broad  girth  around  his 
belly. 

Olympos.  Federal  drachma,  168-78.  Obv.,  head  of 
Apollo,  laureate,  to  r. ;  rev.,  OAYMTTH,  and  lyre; 
symbols,  trophy  and  palm  branch. 

Phaselis.  Federal  hemidrachm,  168-81.  Obv.,  head 
of  Apollo  to  r.,  with  quiver;  rev.,  ^A^HAI,  and 
lyre  ;  symbols,  flaming  torch  and  crown  of  Isis. 
Pamphylia.  —  Aspendos.  Two  silver  staters  of  the  fourth 
century.  I,  obv.,  two  youths  wrestling,  one  pull- 
ing two  ends  of  a  cord  around  the  other's  waist, 
PI.  V,  541  ;  rev.,  Estfediius,  nude  youth  slinging, 
and  triskelis.  II,  obv.,  wrestlers,  one  seizing  the 
other's  wrists,  between  them  BA,  rev.  like  preced- 
ing, but  the  youth  wears  a  chiton,  and  there  is  a  Q> 
in  the  field,  in  addition  to  the  triskelis. 

Side.  Silver  stater  of  the  fourth  century.  Obv., 
standing  Athena,  holding  a  Nike  ;  symbol,  a  pome- 
granate. In  field  three  Aramaic  (?)  letters.  Rev., 
Aramaic  (?)  inscription,  Apollo,  in  a  chlamys,  hold- 
ing a  phiale  over  a  flaming  altar,  and  carrying  a 
laurel  branch. 

Tetradrachm,  190-36.  Obv.,  head  of  Athena 
to  r.,  in  three-crested  Corinthian  helmet ;  rev.,  fly- 
ing Nike  holding  a  wreath,  AE,  and  pomegranate. 
Cilicia.  Kelenderis  (?).  Drachma  of  the  sixth  century. 
Obv.,  a  goat  kneeling  to  r. ;  rev.,  rough  incuse 
square. 

Mallos  (?).  Two  silver  staters  of  the  period  485- 
425.  Obv.,  draped,  winged,  female  figure  running 
or  flying  to  1.,  carrying  a  wreath  and  caduceus; 
rev.,  I,  a  pyramidal  stone  with  a  bunch  of  grapes 
on  either  side  ;  II,  pyramidal  stone  bisected  down 
the  middle.     Two  letters  on  each  rev. 


ASIA   MINOR.  97 


Nagidos.  Silver  stater,  400-380.  Obv.,  head  of 
bearded  Dionysos  to  r.,  wreathed  with  ivy ;  rev., 
head  of  Aphrodite  in  an  oval  incuse. 

Soli.  Silver  stater,  after  380.  Obv.,  head  of  bearded 
Herakles  to  r.,  the  lion-skin  tied  around  his  neck ; 
rev.,  in  an  incuse  circle  traces  of  30AE0N,  and 
head  of  a  bearded  Satrap  in  a  Persian  hood. 

Tarsos.  Silver  stater  of  Pharnabazos,  379-374.  Obv., 
head  of  Arethusa,  copied  from  Kimon's  Syracusan 
type  ;  rev.,  inscription,  head  of  Ares  (?)  in  crested 
Attic  helmet,  and  OIK. 

Stater  of  Tarcamus  or  Datames,  378-372.  Obv.,  in- 
scription, Baal  enthroned  within  a  circle  of  turrets, 
holding  a  sceptre,  bunch  of  grapes,  and  ear  of 
wheat ;  at  his  side  an  incense-burner  ;  between  the 
legs  of  the  throne  a  bucranium. 
Cappadocia.  —  Ariarathes  IV,  b.  c.  187.  Drachma ;  obv., 
head  of  the  king ;  rev.,  Athena  with  Nike',  shield, 
and  spear.  King's  inscription,  EY3EBI3,  TA  and 
two  monograms. 
Syria.  —  Antiochos  I,  281-261.  Gold  stater;  obv.,  head 
of  Antiochos  ;  rev.,  Apollo  seated  on  the  omphalos, 
holding  a  bow  and  arrow.  In  field  A.  (From  the 
Montagu  sale,  No.  692.) 

Antiochos  III,  the  Great,  222-187.  Drachma;  obv., 
head  of  Antiochos ;  rev.,  elephant.  Monogram  in 
field. 

Antiochos  IX,  116-95.  Tetradrachm  ;  obv.,  head  of 
Antiochos ;  rev.,  Athena  Nikephoros  and  mono- 
gram. 4>IA0TTAT0P0S  added  to  king's  title.  All 
in  laurel  wreath. 

Seleukos  VI,  96-95.  Tetradrachm ;  obv.,  head  of 
Seleukos  ;  rev.,  Zeus  enthroned,  holding  Nike'  and 
sceptre.  ETTI<t>ANOYS  NIKATOPOS  added  to 
king's  title.     Under  the  throne  TTP  (monogram). 

Tigranes  I,  83-69.  Tetradrachm ;  obv.,  head  of 
Tigranes  in  a  decorated  tiara  ;  rev.,  seated  Tyche, 
holding  out  a  palm  branch,  Orontes  at  her  feet. 
Two  monograms  in  field,  PI.  V,  557. 


98  AFRICA. 


Seleukia.  Tetradrachm,  b.  c.  91.  Obv.,  turreted 
and  veiled  head  of  a  goddess  to  r. ;  rev.,  within  a 
laurel  wreath,  3EAEYKEQN  THS  IEPA3  KAI 
AYTONOMOY,  a  thunderbolt  on  a  stool,  and  two 
monograms. 

Phoenicia.  —  Arados.  Drachma,  350-330.  Ob.,  Dagon 
holding  two  dolphins,  Phoenician  inscription  ;  rev., 
a  galley,  with  a  winged  sea-horse  below. 
Tripolis.  Tetradrachm,  first  or  second  century. 
Obv.,  heads  of  the  Dioskouroi,  with  stars  above 
them;  rev.,  inscription  of  the  city,  Tyche  standing 
to  1.,  holding  a  sickle  and  cornucopia,  z.H,  HI,  all 
in  laurel  wreath. 

Parthia.  —  Mithradates  1, 174-136.  Tetradrachm  ;  obv., 
head  of  Mithradates;  rev.,  BA3IAEQ3  MErAAOY 
AP3AK0Y  <t>IAEAAHN03,  young  Herakles  hold- 
ing a  phiale  in  his  r.  hand,  club  and  lion-skin  on  1. 
arm.     Monogram  below. 


AFRICA. 

Egypt-  —  Ptolemy  I.  As  governor  for  Alexander  IV, 
tetradrachm  of  the  period  3 16-3 n.  Obv.,  head 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  to  r.,  horned  and  wearing 
an  elephant's  skin;  rev.,  AAE-ANAPOY,  Zeus 
enthroned,  holding  eagle  and  sceptre;  symbol,  a 
thunderbolt ;  under  throne  OP. 

Independent,  311-305.  Tetradrachm^  obv.,  head 
of  Alexander  as  in  preceding;  rev.,  AAEEANAPOY, 
Athena  brandishing  spear  and  shield  to  r.,  eagle  on 
thunderbolt,  and  two  monograms. 

King,  305-284.  Gold  triobol  (26.6  grs.);  obv., 
head  of  Ptolemy  to  r.,  wearing  diadem  and  aegis ; 
rev.,  eagle  on  thunderbolt,  AX  (monogram). 

Berenike  II,  258-247.  Gold  tetrobol  (32.98  grs.). 
Obv.,  veiled  head  of  Berenike  to  r.,  with  diadem ; 
rev.,  cornucopia  between  two  stars. 

Cleopatra  VII  (the  famous),  52-30.   Drachma ;  obv., 


MISCELLANEOUS  GREEK.  99 

head  of  Cleopatra;  rev.,  KAEOTTATPAC  BACI- 
AICCHC,  crown  of  Isis,  date, —  L  IA  (/*.  e.  Anno 
XI  =  b.  c.  42),  —  and  TTA. 
Zcugitania.  —  Carthage.  Electrum  didrachm  of  the  period 
340-242.  Obv.,  head  of  Persephone  to  1. ;  rev., 
horse  standing  to  r. 

Gold  2\  drachms  (144.56  grs.),  of  same  period. 
Obv.,  head  of  Persephone  to  1.  ;  rev.,  horse  stand- 
ing to  r.,  three  dots  in  field. 

Gold  hexadrachm  (348.62  grs.),  241-218.  Obv., 
head  of  Persephone  to  1. ;  rev.,  horse  prancing 
to  r.,  beside  a  date  palm,  Punic  inscription  below. 

Gold  tridrachm  of  same  period.  Obv.,  head  of 
Persephone  as  above  ;  rev.,  horse  standing  to  r. 
Above,  a  flaming  disk  between  two  serpents. 

MISCELLANEOUS   GREEK. 

Lead  Tesserae,  stamped  on  one  side  only.  I,  A0E, 
upper  half  of  Aphrodite  (?)  with  nude  torso,  drapery 
at  waist,  seated  to  1.,  her  r.  hand  extended.  II, 
AHMO^,  a  draped  and  bearded  man  stands  to  r., 
offering  a  wreath  to  a  woman  who  is  seated  opposite 
him.     Ill,  Gorgoneion. 

Unidentified.  Silver  coin,  87.68  grs.  Obv.,  archaic 
female  figure,  with  curled  wings  on  shoulders  and 
feet,  running  to  1.,  looking  back,  both  hands  out- 
spread. She  wears  a  closely  fitting  chiton,  girt  at  the 
waist.  Rev.,  within  a  dotted  square  in  an  incuse 
square,  a  griffin  standing  to  1.,  with  r.  fore  paw  raised. 
No  inscription.     (Lycian  octobol?) 

Silver  coin,  35.97  grs.  Obv.,  head  of  bearded  Her- 
akles,  almost  full-front  to  1.,  wearing  the  lion  skin. 
Rev.,  in  incuse  square  APA  (sequence?),  and  bow 
and  quiver  combined.  See  the  Zeitschrift  fur  Nu- 
mismatik,  XIV,  1887,  pi.  I,  5. 

Silver  coin,  10.86  grs.  Obv.,  uncrested  Corinthian 
helmet  to  1.  Rev.,  quadripartite  incuse  square,  of 
mill-sail  type.     No  inscription. 


IOO  ROMAN. 


Silver  coin,  40.71  grs.  Obv.,  eagle  to  r.,  with  raised 
wing  and  spread  tail,  devouring  a  hind  into  whose 
body  it  has  fastened  its  talons.  Rev.,  quadripartite 
incuse  of  the  mill-sail  type.     No  inscription. 


ROMAN. 
A.  Consular. 

Denarius  of  the  first  period  of  the  Republic,  268-254,  with 
the  head  of  Roma  and  the  Dioscuri ;  inscription, 
ROMA. 

Ditto,  of  the  Italiote  allies  in  the  Social  War.  (About 
91-88  b.  c.)  Obv.,  female  head  to  1.,  laureate  and 
wearing  earring  and  necklace,  border  of  dots.  Rev., 
kneeling  youth,  holding  a  pig,  between  two  rows  of 
soldiers,  four  in  each.     Standard  in  the  background. 

Ditto,  L.  Roscius  Fabatus,  b.  c.  64.     Babelon,  II,  402,  1. 

Ditto,  Marcius  Philippus,  b.  c.  60.     Babelon,  II,  197,  28. 

Ditto,  T.  Carisius,  b.  c.  48.     Babelon,  I,  316,  10. 

B.   Imperial. 

Augustus.  Aureus.  Cohen,  I,  Octave  Auguste,  No.  26. 
(A  very  fine  example.)     PI.  V,  585. 

Three    Denarii.     Cohen,  I,    Octave  Auguste,  Nos. 
102,  194,  210. 

Large  bronze.     Cohen,  I,  Octave  Auguste,  No.  309. 
(From  the  Modena  collection.) 
Antonia.     Middle  bronze.     Cohen,  I,  Antonia,  No.  6. 
Caligula.     Large   bronze.     Cohen,   I,   Caligula,  No.  9. 

(From  the  Modena  collection.) 
Nero.     Aureus.     Cohen,  I,  Neron,  No.  210. 

Two  large  bronze.    Cohen,  I,  Neron,  Nos.  38  and  8^. 
(The  first  from  the  Modena  collection.) 
Galba.     Two  large  bronze.     Cohen,  I,  Galba,  Nos.  135, 

297.     (The  second  from  the  Modena  collection.) 
Domitian.     Aureus.     Cohen,  I,  Domitien,  No.  48. 

Middle  bronze.     Cohen,  I,  Domitien,  No.  650. 


ROM  101 


Trajan.     Aureus.     Cohen,  II,  Trajan,  No.  187. 

Denarius.     Cohen,  II,  Trajan,  No.  216. 

Large  bronze.     Cohen,  II,  Trajan,  No.  368. 
Hadrian.     Aureus.     Cohen,  II,  Adrian,  No.  1480. 

Two  large  bronze.     Cohen,  II,  Adrien,  Nos.  125, 

1 154. 
Lucius  Verus.     Aureus.     Cohen,  III,  Lucius  Verus,  No. 

248. 
Commodus.     Middle  bronze.     Cohen,  III,  Commode,  No. 

193- 
Caracalla.     Two  middle  bronze.    Cohen,  IV,  Caraca/fa, 

Nos.  268,  580. 
Macrinus.     Small  bronze.     Cohen,  IV,  Macrin,  No.  107. 
Maximinus  I.     Middle  bronze.     Cohen,  IV,  Maximin  J, 

No.  93. 
Gordianus  III.    Middle  bronze.    Cohen,  V,  Gordiane III, 

No.  158. 
Probus.     Aureus.     Cohen,  VI,  Pro  bus,  No.  781. 


KEY  TO   THE   PLATES. 


PLATE    I. 


WEIGHT 

NO. 

MKTAL 

IN 
GRAINS 

21 

Ar. 

244.5 

28 

Ar. 

I20.07 

32 

Ar. 

I20.5 

35 

Ar. 

1 10.8 

37 

Ar. 

267.36 

51 

Ar. 

264.3 

Thurii.  Head  of  Athena  r.  On 
her  helmet  is  Skylla  and  a  griffin. 
Infront,  4>.  Rev.  OOYPIQN.  Bull 
butting  r.    In  exergue,  a  fish.    P.  13. 

Croton.  Head  of  Hera  Lakinia 
facing.  In  field,  r.  B.  Rev.  KPO- 
TQN1ATAS.  Herakles  seated  1. 
on  a  rock  with  his  club  and  wine 
cup.  P.  14. 

Pandosia.  Head  of  Hera  Lakinia. 
Rev.  TANAOSINQN.  Pan  the 
hunter  with  hound  and  spears  in 
his  hand  seated  on  a  rock  :  in  front, 
a  terminal  figure  to  which  is  affixed 
a  caduceus.     In  field,  ♦.         P.  14. 

Terina.  TEPUNAIO.  Female  head 
r.  Rat.  Nike*,  seated  on  base  1., 
holding  olive  spray.  P.  10,  15. 

Agrigentum.  AKPATA.  Two 
eagles  standing  on  hare.  Rev. 
AKPArALTIJNON.  Crab;  below, 
Scylla  1.  P.  16. 

Naxos  (Sicily).  Head  of  Dionysos  r. 
crowned  with  ivy.  Rev.  N  AX  ION. 
Silenos  seated  on  ground  about  to 
drink  from  kantharos.  P.  17. 


104 


KEY  TO   THE  PLATES. 


PLATE    I  — continued. 


53 


67 


68 


WEIGHT 

METAL 

IN 

GRAINS 

Ar. 

I3O.29 

Ar. 

266.23 

Ar. 

25I.99 

Naxos  (Sicily).  NAZIQN.  Head 
of  Apollo  laureate,  r.  Rev.  Silenos 
seated  on  ground  about  to  drink 
from  kantharos.  Beside  him,  ter- 
minal figure  and  thyrsos.         P.  17. 

Syracuse.  3YPAK0.  Head  of 
Nike  or  Arethusa  surrounded  by 
dolphins  r.  Rev.  Persephone  driv- 
ing quadriga  1.,  Nike  flying  to  crown 
her  :  in  exergue,  ear  of  corn.    P.  19. 

Syracuse.  APE003A  (traces). 
Head  of  Arethusa  facing,  dol- 
phins amid  her  hair.  On  diadem, 
KIMQN  (traces).  Rev.  3YPA- 
K03IQN.  Quadriga  1.,  Nike  flying 
to  crown  charioteer  :  in  exergue,  ear 
of  corn.  P.  19. 


PLATE   II. 


NO. 

METAL 

WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 

85 

Ar. 

1 

665.II 

Syracuse.  3YPAK03IQN.  Head 
of  Persephone  1.  crowned  with 
wreath  of  barley ;  around,  four  dol- 
phins ;  in  field,  cockle-shell.  Rev. 
Quadriga  1.  Nike  flying  to  crown 
charioteer.  In  exergue,  helmet, 
cuirass,  and  pair  of  greaves.    P.  19. 


KEY  TO   THE  PLATES. 


105 


PLATE    \\— continued. 


NO. 

METAL 

WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 

92 

Ar. 

437-13 

121 

Ar. 

442.1 

126 

Ar. 

26o.l6 

130 

Ar. 

217.46 

132 

Ar. 

222.79 

«5« 

Ar. 

I330 

*59 

Ar. 

261.89 

Orreskii.  OPPHSKION.  Spear- 
man wearing  petasos  r.  between  two 
oxen.  Rev.  Shallow  incuse  square 
divided  into  four  parts.  P.  23. 

Getas,  King  of  Edoni.  BI33A 
NQ3.  Spearman  r.  between  two 
oxen.  TETABASIAEVHAQNEQN 
within  incuse  square  surrounding 
quadripartite,  dotted  square.    P.  23. 

Akanthos.  Lioness  to  r.  attack- 
ing fallen  bull :  above,  a  cockle- 
shell. Rev.  Quadripartite  incuse 
square.  P.  24. 

Akanthos.  Lion  to  r.  attacking 
bull.  Rev.  AKAN0ION  around 
quadripartite  square :  the  whole 
within  incuse  square.  P.  24. 

Chalkidike.  Head  of  Apollo,  r. 
Rev.  XAAKIAEQN.  Lyre:  below, 
En  APISTQNOS.  P.  24. 

Philip  II  of  Macedon.  Head  of 
Apollo r.  Rev.  4>IAI1TTT0Y.  Bigar. 
In  field,  thunderbolt.  P.  25. 

Alexander  III  of  Macedon. 
Head  of  Herakles  r.  in  lion's  skin. 
Rev.  AAEIANAPOY.  Zeus  hold- 
ing eagle  and  sceptre  seated  1. 
Under  throne,  monogram.       P.  26. 


io6 


KEY  TO    THE   PLATES. 


PLATE   III. 


NO. 
169 

l82 

185 

193 
207 


Ar. 


Ar. 

Ar. 

Ar. 
Ar. 


215 
223 

227 


Ar. 
Ar. 

Ar. 


WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 


261.O5 


255-4 

247-37 

36.26 
263.2 


93-9 
92.62 

95-96 


Demetrios  Poliorketes.  Head  of 
Demetrios  r.  diademed  and  with 
bull's  horn  in  hair.  Rev.  BA^I- 
AEQS.  AHMHTPIOY.  Poseidon 
standing  I.  with  r.  foot  on  rock.  In 
field,  monograms.  P.  27. 

Aenos.  Head  of  Hermes  r.,  wearing 
cap.  Rev.  In  incuse  square,  AIN I. 
Goat  walking  r.  In  front,  terminal 
figure  of  Hermes  standing  on 
throne  ;  in  front,  caduceus.     P.  29. 

Aenos.  Head  of  Hermes  facing 
wearing  cap.  Rev.  AIN  ION.  Goat 
to  r.  In  field,  barley  corn  and 
bunch  of  grapes.  P.  29. 

Dikaea.  Head  to  1.  with  hair  rolled 
behind.  Rev.MKMA.  Bull's  head 
r.  within  incuse  square.  P.  46. 

Lysimachos  of  Thrace.  Head  of 
Alexander  the  Great  r.,  with  ram's 
horn;  below,  K.  Rev.  BA3IAEQS 
AYSIMAXOY.  Athena  seated  1. 
holding  Nike.  In  field,  trophy- 
stand  (?),  and  crescent.  In  ex- 
ergue, monogram.  P.  30. 

Larissa.  Youth  struggling  with  bull 
1.  Rev.  AAPI^AIA.  Horse  running 
free  r.  within  incuse  square.    P.  31. 

Melitaea.  Head  of  Zeus,  crowned 
with  olive,  r.  Rev.  In  incuse  square. 
MEAITEIQN3.  Bull  grazing. r.  In 
exergue,  oak-branch.  P.  31. 

Pharsalos.      Head    of    Athena  in 


KEY  TO    THE  TLATES. 


I07 


PLATE    III  —  continued. 


WEIGHT 

NO. 

METAL 

IN 
GRAINS 

230 

Ar. 

184.2 

243 

Ar. 

186.72 

! 

25J 

Ar. 

189.65 

decorated  helmet  r.  Rev.  In  in- 
cuse square,  young  horseman  bear- 
ing Hail-like  weapon  r.  P.  31. 

Alexander  of  Pherae.  Head  of 
Hekate  facing ;  in  field,  torch. 
Rev.  AAEIANAPOY.  Horseman 
with  spear  r.  Double  axe  beneath 
the  horse,  and  on  his  flank.     P.  32. 

Locri  Opuntii.  Head  of  Perse- 
phone 1.  with  wreath  of  barley  in 
her  hair.  *Rev.  OTTONTIQN.  Ajax 
AI  A^  with  helmet,  shield,  and  sword 
charging  r.  On  the  ground,  a 
spear.  P.  33. 

Delphi.  Head  of  Demeter  1.,  veiled 
and  wreathed  with  wheat.  Rev. 
AM4>IKTI0NQN.  Apollo  with  lyre 
and  laurel-branch  seated  1.  on  om- 
phalos ;  in  front,  tripod.  P.  34. 


PLATE   IV. 


NO. 

METAL 

WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 

265 

Ar. 

I83-7 

Thebes.  Boeotian  shield.  Rev.  In 
incuse  square,  GEBAIO^.  Her- 
akles  kneeling  r.,  stringing  bow; 
beside  him,  club.  P.  34. 


io8 


KEY  TO    THE  PLATES. 


PLATE    IV —  continued. 


Ar. 
Ar. 
Ar. 
Ar. 
Ar. 
Ar. 

Ar. 


El. 
El. 


WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 


263.61 

pierced 
265.10 


190.38 
189.51 

188.3 

251.8 


244.37 
248.8 


Eretria.  Head  of  Gorgon.  Rev. 
In  incuse  square,  lion's  head  and 
fore  paws  facing.  P.  24. 

Athens.  Head  of  Athena  r.  Rev. 
In  incuse  square,  AGE.  Owl;  olive 
spray  in  field.  P.  37. 

Athens.  Head  of  Athena  r.  Rev.  In 
incuse  square  AG  E.  Owl ;  olive  spray 
and  crescent  moon  in  field.     P.  37. 

Aegina.  Tortoise.  Rev.  Incuse 
square  divided  into  eight  triangles. 

P.  5,  39. 

Aegina.  Tortoise.  Rev.  Incuse 
square  divided  into  five  compart- 
ments. P.  39. 

Pheneos.  Head  of  Demeter  r., 
wearing  wreath  of  corn.  Rev.  <I>E- 
NEQN.  Hermes  carrying  Arkas  1. 
In  field,  patera.  P.  42. 

Mithradates  VI  of  Pontos.  Head 
of  Mithradates  to  r.  wearing  dia- 
dem. [Rev.  Within  ivy  wreath 
BASIAEQS  EYTTATOPOS.  Pega- 
sos  drinking  1. ;  crescent  and  star, 
and  monograms  in  field.]        P.  46. 

Kyzikos.  Lion  standing r.  on  tunny, 
biting  a  sword.  [Rev.  Incuse  square 
of  "  mill-sail  "  pattern.]  P.  47. 

Kyzikos.  Youthful  nude  warrior 
with  helmet  and  shield  standing  on 
base  and  stretching  out  his  right 
hand.     [Rev.     As  preceding  coin.] 

p.  47. 


KEY  TO   THE  PLATES. 


IO9 


PLATE    IV  —  continued. 


\viu;n  1 

NO. 

METAL 

IN 
GRAINS 

424 

El. 

247.7 

425 

Ar. 

22973 

Kyzikos.  Helios  radiate,  kneeling 
r.  between  two  horses.  Rev.  Incuse 
square  of  "  mill-sail  "  pattern.    P.  47. 

Kyzikos.  SQJTEIPA.  Head  of 
Kore  Soteira  1.  with  corn-wreath 
and  veil.  Rev.  KY[II.  Lion's 
head  above  tunny  fish.  P.  47. 


PLATE  V. 


NO. 

METAL 

WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 

426 

Av. 

I29.8 

428 

Av. 

I29.36 

429 

Av. 

I30-39 

43° 

Av. 

I29.89 

Lampsakos.  Head  of  Zeus  lau- 
reate 1.  Behind  the  head,  thunder- 
bolt. Rev.  In  incuse  square,  fore 
part  of  winged  horse  r.  P.  48. 

Lampsakos.  Head  of  youthful 
Pan  with  horn  growing  from  fore- 
head 1.  [Rev.  In  incuse  square, 
fore  part  of  winged  horse  r.]    P.  48. 

Lampsakos.  Head  of  a  Maenad 
with  flying  hair,  her  head  bound 
with  ivy  wreath  1.  [Rev.  In  incuse 
square,  fore  part  of  winged  horse 
r.]  P.  48. 

Lampsakos.  Girl's  head  1.  wear- 
ing wreath  of  flowers.  [Rev.  In 
incuse  square,  fore  part  of  winged 
horse  r.]  p.  48. 


no 


KEY  TO    THE  PLATES. 


PLATE   V  —  continued. 


El. 
Ar. 

Av. 

Ar. 
Ar. 
Ar. 

Ar. 
Ar. 

Ar. 
Ar. 


WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 


36.I 
260.69 

87.84 
64.26 

55-33 
235-3 

232.1 
236.6 

235-s 
127.63 


Ionia.  Striations.  Rev.  Rough  ob- 
long incuse,  divided.  P.  4. 

Klazomenae.  Head  of  Apollo  fac- 
ing. Rev.  KAAIOMENION.  Swan 
1.  preening   its  wings.     1^1  KAH^. 

P.  50. 
Klazomenae.    Head  of  Apollo  fac- 
ing. Rev.  K  A  A.  Swan  1.  feeding.  In 
field,  AEYKAIO^   and  monogram. 

P.  50. 

Klazomenae.  Head  of  Apollo  fac- 
ing. Rev.  KAA.  Swan  1.  flapping 
his  wings.     ATT0AAA3.  P.  50. 

Kolophon.  Head  of  Apollo,  r. 
Rev.  K0A04>a.  Lyre;  in  field, 
NIKIAS.  P.  51. 

Miletos.  Head  of  Apollo  1.  lau- 
reate. Rev.  Lion  to  1.  looking 
back  at  a  star.  Monogram  in  field. 
AHMAIN03.  P.  51. 

Samos.  Lion's  scalp.  Rev.  %k. 
Forepart_of  bull  r.  In  field,  HTH- 
^lANALz.  and  monogram.       P.  46. 

Kos.  Head  of  Herakles  1.  [Rev. 
Within  a  dotted  square  in  an  incuse 
square,  K0.ION.  Crab  and  club. 
Beneath,  AOANIQtN].         '    P.  52. 

Rhodes.  Head  of  Helios  facing. 
Rev.  In  incuse  square,  POAION. 
Rose  with  bud.  In  field,  4>  and 
aplustre(?)  P.  52. 

Khariga  of  Xanthos.  Head  of 
Athena  r.  within  olive  wreath.    Die 


KEY  TO   THE  PLATES. 


Ill 


PLATE   V  —  continued. 


NO. 

METAL 

WEIGHT 

IN 
GRAINS 

541 

557 
585 

Ar. 
Ar. 

Av. 

163.76 
246.38 

I23.4 

much  worn.  Rev.  In  incuse  square 
V^PFrh  f>PS/^+=,KHARIGA 
ARNNAH  (Xanthos).  Athena  in 
crested  Athenian  helmet,  wearing 
necklace,  sleeveless  chiton  and  him- 
ation,  seated  on  a  rock  r. :  her  left 
hand  rests  on  round  shield,  and  owl 
facing  her  stands  on  her  wrist ;  her 
r.  hand  rests  on  spear  which  passes 
behind  her  elbow.  In  front  of  her 
face,  a  caduceus  (?).  Behind  helmet, 
r  =  A.                                       P.  53. 

Aspendos.  Within  dotted  circle, 
two  youths  wrestling.  [Rev.  Within 
dotted  incuse  square,  EJ^TFE- 
AIIV3.  Slinger  r.  In  field,  tri- 
skeles.]                                      P.  54. 

Tigranes  I  of  Syria.  Within  filleted 
border,  bust  of  Tigranes  r.  wearing 
tiara  and  diadem.  Rev.  Within 
laurel  wreath,  BASIAEQS  TITPA- 
NOY.  Tyche  of  Antioch  seated  r. 
At  her  feet  the  personification  of 
the  river  Orontes  swimming  r.  In 
field,  monograms.                     P.  56. 

Augustus  CAESAR.  Head  of  Au- 
gustus 1.  Rev.  AVGVSTVS.    Cowr. 

P.  63. 

Plati    l 


Plait    II 


Plati   III 


UN>VBRsiTY 

e,     0F 


I'lAll       I\ 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 


LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


4»5S  D8 


REC'D  LD 


APR  2  9  1953 


!3Feb'59MR 


REC'D  LD 


JAN  30  1359 


LlMAftMflj« 


mrr 


WS?D  LD 


JAN  7    1960 


LD  21A-50m-8,'57 
(C8481sl0)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


236831 


